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A&P 2 Lab > **A&P 2 Unit 21 (Lab) [Respiratory System Anatomy] > Flashcards

**A&P 2 Unit 21 (Lab) [Respiratory System Anatomy] Flashcards

1
Q
A

Nasal Cavity

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2
Q
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Right Primary Bronchus

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3
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Secondary Bronchii

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4
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Pleural Cavity

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5
Q
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Nasopharynx

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6
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Oropharynx

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7
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Laryngopharynx

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8
Q
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Larynx

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9
Q
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Left Primary Bronchus

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10
Q
A

Hyoid Bone

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11
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Epiglottis

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12
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Thyroid Cartilage

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13
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Cricoid Cartilage

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14
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Terminal Bronchiole

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15
Q
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Pulmonary Arteriole

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16
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Pulmonary Venule

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17
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Pulmonary Capillaries

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18
Q
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Aveolus

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19
Q
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Aveolar Sac

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20
Q
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Aveolar Duct

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21
Q
A

Respiratory Bronchiole

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22
Q

Briefly discuss how the cardiovascular system & the respiratory system work together to ensure ATP production continues & wastes are taken away.

A

They work together to supply the cells the oxygen they need & to rid them of carbon dioxide.

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23
Q

Which body cavity contains the lungs? Describe their location relative to the heart.

A
  • Thoracic Cavity
  • On either side of the heart
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24
Q

Number of Lobes per Lung

A
  • Right
    • 3
  • Left
    • 2
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25
Q

Right Lung’s Lobes

A
  • Upper
  • Middle
  • Lower
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26
Q

Left Lung’s Lobes

A
  • Upper
  • Lower
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27
Q

Right Lung’s Fissures

A
  • Horizontal Fissure
    • Separates the Right Upper & Right Middle Lobes
  • Right Oblique Fissure
    • Separates the Right Middle & Right Lower Lobes
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28
Q

Left Lung’s Fissures

A
  • Left Oblique Fissure
    • Separates the Left Upper & Left Lower Lobes
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29
Q

Parietal Pleura

A

Lines the interior of the thoracic cavity & the superior surface of the diaphragm.

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30
Q

Visceral Pleura

A

Adheres tightly to the surface of the lung.

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31
Q

Pleural Cavity

A
  • Thin potential space between the parietal & visceral pleurae.
  • Filled with a thin layer of serous fluid that reduces friction as the lungs change in shape & size during ventilation
  • Fluid called Pleural Fluid
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32
Q

Upper Respiratory Tract

A
  • Consists of the passages superior to the thoracic cavity
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33
Q

Lower Respiratory Tract

A
  • Consists of the passages within the thoracic cavity
34
Q

Conducting Zone

A
  • Consists of passages that carry, or “conduct,” air to the lower passages where gas exchange takes place.
  • The majority of the passages of the respiratory tract belong to the conducting zone.
35
Q

Respiratory Zone

A

Consists of the passages in which gas exhange takes place, located in the terminal respiratory tract.

36
Q

What changes happen to air as it passes along the conducting zone, beginning in the nasal cavity?

A
  • Filters
  • Warms
  • Humidifies
37
Q

The Flow of Air through the Structures of the Conducting Zone

A
  1. Nasal Cavity
  2. Pharynx
  3. Larynx
  4. Trachea
  5. Primary Bronchi (2)
  6. Secondary Bronchi (2 Left; 3 Right)
  7. Tertiary Bronchi
  8. Quaternary Bronchi
  9. Bronchioles
  10. Terminal Bronchioles
38
Q

Name the 3 regions of the pharynx air passes through, in order of inhalation.

A
  1. Nasopharynx
  2. Oropharynx
  3. Laryngophartnx
39
Q

What substance does the uvula prevent from entering the nasopharynx, and when?

A

Food during swallowing.

40
Q

Name the epithelial lining of the nasopharynx. What is the function of the goblet cells here?

A
  • Lined woth pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with copius mucus-secreting goblet cells (Respiratory Epithelium)
41
Q

What is the common name for the Larynx?

42
Q

Describe the location & tissue composition of the epiglottis. What is the function, & when is it important?

A
  • The “lid” of the larynx
  • Elastic Cartilage
  • Seals off the larynx from food & liquids when swallowing
43
Q

Name the largest cartilage of the larynx/ What is its common name?

A
  • Thyroid Cartilage
  • Adam’s Apple
44
Q
A

Cricothyroid Ligament

45
Q

Cricothyroidotomy

A
  • Performed when the upper respiratory tract is blocked, & air is prevented from moving into the lungs
  1. Place an incision in the cricothyroid ligament
  2. A tube is then inserted into the opening
46
Q

Compare the locations & functions of the false vocal cords to the true vocal cords in the larynx.

A
  • False Vocal Cords
    • ​Superior Set
    • No role in sound production
    • Important sphincter function & can constrict to close off the larynx.
  • True Vocal Cords
    • ​Inferior Set
    • Vibrates as air passes over it to produce sound.
47
Q

What is the common name for the trachea?

48
Q

Which direction does the “open” part of the C-shaped cartilages of the trachea face?

A

Posteriorly

49
Q

What is the general purpose of cartilage along the conducting airways?

A

To keep the airways from collapsing when we inhale.

50
Q

The “Respiratory Tree” of the conducting zone, beginning with thw primary bronchi.

A
  1. Primary Bronchi (2)
  2. Secondary Bronchi (2 Left; 3 Right)
  3. Tertiary Bronchi
  4. Quaternary Bronchi
  5. Bronchioles (smaller than 1mm in diameter)
  6. Terminal Bronchioles (Smaller than 0.5mm in diameter)
51
Q

Pathway of air through the structures of the respiratory zone, beginning with the respiratory bronchioles.

A
  1. Respiratory Bronchioles
  2. Alveolar Duct
  3. Alveoli
52
Q

Which structures of the respiratory zone resemble microscopic clusters of hollow grapes?

A

Aveolar Sacs

53
Q

Describe the directions of O2 & CO2 diffusion between alveoli & pulmonary capillaries.

A

Oxygen from the alveoli diffuses into the blood, and carbon dioxide in the blood diffuses into the alveoli to be exhaled.

54
Q

List all the locations where the “respiratory epithelium” is found.

A
  • Nasopharynx
  • Larynx (inferior to the vocal cords)
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
55
Q

Compare the functions of the cilia & the goblet cells along the respiratory epithelium.

A
  • Cilia
    • ​Sweep dust & other particulates that become trapped in the mucus out of the respiratory tract.
  • Goblet Cells
    • ​Mucus secreting cells
56
Q

Why is it important that the walls of the aveoli are simple squamous epithelium?

A

Minimizes the distances gases must diffuse across the alveoli & into the pulmonary capillaries.

57
Q

List the major histological changes along the respiratory tract.

A
  • The epithelial tissue changes from taller (Pseudostratified) in the upper passages to shorter (Cuboidal) in the lower passages & finally to flat (Squamous) in the alveoli.
  • The amount of hyaline cartilage gradually decreases (it is absent in bronchioles), as does the number of goblet cells.
  • The amount of smooth muscle & elastic fibers increases.
58
Q

Pulmonary Ventilation

A

Physical movement of air into & out of the lungs

59
Q

Pulmonary Gas Exchange

A

Movement of gases across the respiratory membrane.

60
Q

Gas Transport

A

Movement of gases through the blood

61
Q

Tissue (Peripheral) Gas Exchange

A

Exchange of gases between the blood & the tissues

62
Q

Name the law that describes the inverse relationship between gas pressure & gas volume.

A

Boyle’s Law

63
Q

Name the 2 main inspiratory muscles [at rest]. (Inspiration)

A
  • External Intercostals
  • Diaphragm
64
Q

When the 2 inspiratory muscles contract, what happens to the size of the thoracic cavity? (Inspiration)

65
Q

As the thoracic cavity increases, what happens to the size of the lungs, and why?

A
  • Increase
  • Pleural fluid creates the adhesive force that draws the lungs outward, too.
66
Q

As the lungs expand, what happens to intrapulmonary pressure?

A

Drops below atmospheric pressure.

67
Q

Has atmospheric pressure changed at all? (Inspiration)

68
Q

Which direction will air move when the intrapulmonary pressure becomes less than atmospheric pressure?

A

Into the lungs

69
Q

Once the muscles of inspiration relax, what causes the lungs to become smaller, at rest? (Expiration)

A

Elasticity of the lung tissue

70
Q

When the lungs relax, what happens to the intrapulmonary pressure?

A

Becomes greater than atmospheric pressure.

71
Q

Has atmospheric pressure changed at all? (Expiration)

72
Q

When the intrapulmonary pressure becomes greater than atmospheric pressure, which direction will air flow? (Expiration)

A

Out of the lungs

73
Q

What instrument is used to measure lung volumes?

A

Spirameter

74
Q

Tidal Volume (TV)

A
  • The amount of air exchanged with each breath during normal, quiet breathing.
  • Measures about 500 mL in a healthy adult.
75
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

A
  • The amount of air that may be inspired after a tidal inspiration.
  • Averages between 1,900 & 3,100 mL of air.
76
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

A
  • The volume of air that may be expired after a tidal expiration.
  • Averages between 700 & 1,200 mL of air.
77
Q

Residual Volume (RV)

A
  • Can’t be measured by a spirometer.
  • The amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration & is generally equal to about 1,100-1,200 mL of air.
78
Q

In what form is the majority of CO2 carried within the plasma? Write the molecular formula for this molecule.

A
  • Bicarbonate Ion
  • HCO3-
79
Q

If blood pH is too low (acidic), how is the rate & depth of breathing altered to help maintain homeostasis?

A
  • Rate & depth are increased during Hyperventilation
80
Q

If blood pH is too high (alkaline), how is the rate & depth of breathing altered to help maintain homeostasis?

A
  • Rate & depth are decreased during Hypoventilation

A&P 2 Lab (13 decks)

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