A&P 2 Lab Exam 2 Flashcards
Location of Respiratory Control Center
Medulla Oblongata, involved in the minute-to-minute control of breathing
How is oxygen and carbon dioxide exchanged in the lungs?
Diffusion
Function of alveolar sacs
To transport fresh oxygen into the body and carbon dioxide out of the body
Function of Alveoli
Where the lungs and the blood exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide during the process of breathing in and breathing out
Function of respiratory bronchioles
To bring air to the alveolar clusters for gas exchange
Function of alveolar ducts
Serve as passageways, collects and directs oxygen entering the alveoli and the carbon dioxide exiting the lungs
Function of nose
Allows air to enter the body, also filters debris, warms, and moistens the air
Pneumonia
Lung inflammation caused by bacterial or viral infection, in which the air sacs fill with pus and may become solid
Tuberculosis
An infectious bacterial disease characterized by the growth of nodules in the tissues
Emphysema
A condition in which the air sacs of the lungs are damaged or enlarged, causing breathlessness
Coryza
inflammation of the mucous membrane in the nose
What is external and internal respiration
External respiration is also known as breathing, it involves bringing air into the lungs (inhalation) and releasing air to the atmosphere (exhalation). During internal respiration, oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the cells and the blood vessels
Alveolus
Any of the many tiny air sacs of the lungs which allow for rapid gaseous exchange
Bronchiole
Any of the minute branches into which a bronchus divides
Conchae
Increases air turbulence in nasal cavity
Epiglottis
The flap that covers the trachea during swallowing so that food does not enter the lungs
Esophagus
The hollow, muscular tube that passes food and liquid from your throat to your stomach
Glottis
Contains opening between the vocal folds
Larynx
The area of the throat containing the vocal cords and used for breathing, swallowing, and talking.
Palate
The roof of the mouth separating the mouth from the nasal cavity
Pharyngotympanic Tube
Also know as the Eustachian tube, it connects the middle ear cavity with the nasopharynx.
Parietal Pleura
Lines the thoracic wall and the superior surface of the diaphragm.
Phrenic nerve
A nerve that runs from the spinal cord to the diaphragm
Trachea
Also called the windpipe, the airway that leads from the larynx (voice box) to the bronchi
Vagus Nerve
The longest cranial nerve, the main nerves of your parasympathetic nervous system
Visceral pleura
Covers the lungs, blood vessels, nerves, and the bronchi.
What cells produce antibodies
B Cells, B lymphocytes
Antigen versus antibodies (examples of antigens)
Antigens allow your body to create a defense against future invaders. Antibodies circulate in your body once created to identify, attack, and destroy the same type of antigens if they enter the body again. Examples of antigens are bacteria, viruses, and food.
Where are worn-out blood cells destroyed?
Spleen
First line of defense against disease-causing organisms
Skin
What are complement proteins?
Found in blood plasma, system of plasma proteins that can be activated directly by pathogens or indirectly by pathogen-bound antibody
Symptoms of inflammation
Redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function
Natural acquired active immunity
Acquired from exposure to the disease organism through infection with the actual disease
Naturally acquired passive immunity
Passive immunity is provided when a person is given antibodies to a disease rather than producing them through his or her own immune system.
Artificially acquired passive immunity
Protection acquired by giving a person an injection or transfusion of antibodies made by someone else.
Artificially acquired active immunity
Any immunization with an antigen
What is the best immunity
Artificially acquired active immunity
What is cell-mediated immunity
Involves the destruction of infected cells by cytotoxic T cells
What organs do not have lymphatic vessels
Bone marrow, central nervous system, and tissues such as the epidermis
Hematopoiesis
Formation of blood cellular components, process of making blood
Phagocytosis
Surrounds and destroys foreign substances and removes dead cells
Location of stomach
Upper abdomen on the left side of the body
Location of pancreas
Lies transversely in the upper abdomen between the duodenum on the right and the spleen on the left
Location of liver
Upper right-hand portion of the abdominal cavity beneath the diaphragm
Location of Spleen
Upper left side of your abdomen, next to your stomach and behind the ribs
Location of Thymus
In the chest between the lungs
Function of pancreas
Produce hormones and insulin
Function of stomach
Takes in food, mixes it, breaks it down, and then passes it to the small intestine
Function of liver
Makes and secretes bile to process and purify the blood containing newly absorbed nutrients that are coming from the small intestine
Function of spleen
Controls the level of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets
Function of thymus
The body’s defense mechanism providing surveillance and protection against diverse pathogens, tumors, antigens, and mediators of tissue damage:
What are the accessory digestive organs
Teeth, tongue, and glandular organs such as salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
What comprises the GI tract?
Mouth, pharynx (throat) esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus.
Mechanical digestion
Physically breaking down food into smaller parts to more effectively undergo chemical digestion.
Chemical digestion
To further degrade the molecular structure of the ingested compounds by digestive enzymes into a form that is absorbable into the bloodstream
Peristalsis
Series of wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract
Chime
A murky semi fluid mass or paste
Rugae
Folds in the stomach lining
Purpose of gastric juices
To inactive swallowed microorganisms, thereby inhibiting infectious agents from reaching the intestine
Function of hydrochloric acid
Breaks down food and the digestive system enzymes split up proteins
