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PRAXIS > A&P > Flashcards

A&P Flashcards

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1
Q

Axons bound together by connective tissue

A

Nerves

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2
Q

Individual cells in the brain

A

Neurons

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3
Q

group of fibers outside the CNS

A

Nerves

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4
Q

group of fibers inside the CNS

A

Tracts

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5
Q

Efferent

A

Motor

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6
Q

Afferent

A

Sensory

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7
Q

Pyramidal also called

A

Direct Activation Pathway

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8
Q

Pyramidal tracts (originate in _______) carry fibers to ______

A

cerebral cortex

spinal cord/brainstem

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9
Q

Pyramidal responsible for

A

Voluntary control (body and face muscles)

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10
Q

Pyramidal breaks into

A

corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts

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11
Q

Extrapyramidal also called

A

Indirect Activation Pathway

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12
Q

Extrapyramidal tracts (originate in _____)carry fibers to _______

A

brainstem

spinal cord

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13
Q

Upper Motor Neurons: found in

A

cerebral cortex/brainstem

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14
Q

Lower Motor Neurons: found in

A

brainstem/spinal cord

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15
Q

Transmit nerve impulses from brain to lower motor neurons

A

UMNs

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16
Q

Transmit nerve impulses from UMNs to muscles

A

LMNs

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17
Q

Corticospinal: synapse/terminate in the

A

Spinal Cord

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18
Q

Corticobulbar: synapse/terminate in the

A

Brainstem

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19
Q

Controls movement in limbs & trunk

A

Corticospinal

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20
Q

Controls muscles of face, head, neck

A

Corticobulbar

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21
Q

The CNS is made of the

A

Brain and spinal cord

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22
Q

The PNS is made of the

A

cranial and spinal nerves

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23
Q

Afferent division

A

All impulses go up to the CNS

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24
Q

Efferent division

A

Impulses go down from the CNS to the muscles

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25
Q

Visceral afferent controles

A

unconscious perception from organs, glands, blood vessels

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26
Q

Somatic afferent controls

A

conscious perception of touch, pain, temperature

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27
Q

Visceral efferent controls

A

cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands

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28
Q

Somatic efferent controls

A

skeletal muscle

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29
Q

Visceral efferent breaks into

A

sympathetic (fight or flight), parasympathetic (rest and digest)

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30
Q

3 main parts of the human brain

A

Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain

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31
Q

Functions of the Forebrain

A

processes sensory info, reasoning/problem solving, automatic, motor functions

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32
Q

2 subgroups of the Forebrain

A

Telencephalon

Diencephalon

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33
Q

Telencephalon is the

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital lobes

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34
Q

Diencephalon is the

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland

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35
Q

Midbrain functions

A

regulates movement, processes auditory and visual info

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36
Q

2 subgroups of midbrain

A

Tectum, Paired cerebral peduncles

37
Q

Functions of Hindbrain

A

regulates autonomic functions, balance, equilibrium, relay of sensory info

38
Q

2 subgroups of hindbrain

A

Metencephalon, Myelencephalon

39
Q

Metencephalon breaks into

A

pons, cerebellum

40
Q

Myelencephalon breaks into

A

medulla oblongata

41
Q

“thinking portion” of brain; most complex cognitive functions

A

Cerebrum

42
Q

Automatic reflexes/vegetative functions (e.g. breathing, heart rate, etc.) are a function of…

A

Brainstem

43
Q

Voluntary movements; balance, coordination, posture, attention

A

Cerebellum

44
Q

Regulates respiration, heart rate + reflexes such as vomiting, swallowing

A

Medulla

45
Q

Attachment between cerebellum and rest of CNS

A

Pons

46
Q

Houses substantial nigra (production of neurotransmitter dopamine)

A

Midbrain

47
Q

Fine-tunes voluntary body movements, motor coordination, posture

A

Basal ganglia

48
Q

Allows afferent impulses to transmit to brain + efferent from brain to body

A

Spinal cord

49
Q

Relay center for sensory and motor signals

A

Thalamus

50
Q

Homeostasis, regulates hunger/thirst, pain/pleasure, anger/aggression

A

Hypothalamus

51
Q

Responsible for new memories, emotions, spatial navigation

A

Hippocampus

52
Q

Responsible for emotions, arousal, motivation

A

Amygdala

53
Q

Auditory processing

A

Heschl’s Gryus

54
Q

Involved in semantic processing, language and cognition

A

Angular gyrus

55
Q

Broca’s area

A

speech production

56
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

language comprehension

57
Q

language dominant hemisphere

A

Left hemisphere

58
Q

Damage to left hemisphere =

A

aphasia

59
Q

Supporting language hemisphere

A

Right hemisphere

60
Q

connects the internal carotid and vertebral/basilar system

A

Circle of Willis

61
Q

Supplies blood to frontal & parietal lobes, basal ganglia, & corpus callosum

A

Anterior Cerebral Artery

62
Q

Stroke in ACA would lead to

A

opposite leg weakness

63
Q

Supplies blood to Broca & Wernicke, temporal lobe, & primary motor cortex

A

Middle Cerebral Artery

64
Q

Supplies blood to occipital lobes, cerebellum, & inferior temporal

A

Posterior Cerebral Artery

65
Q

Interconnect identical & corresponding areas of 2 cerebral hemispheres

A

Commissural Fibers

66
Q

Connect different regions of the cerebra; cortex within same hemisphere

A

Association Fibers

67
Q

Connect cerebral cortex to brainstem and below

A

Projection Fibers

68
Q

Masseter

A

elevates jaw (CNV3)

69
Q

Temporalis

A

Lifts and retracts jaw (CN V3)

70
Q

Medial Pterygoid

A

Elevates mandible- rotary chew

71
Q

Lateral Pterygoid

A

Side-to-side- rotary chew

72
Q

goal of life is sustenance, automatic & consistent

A

Vegetative breathing

73
Q

expiration more important than inspiration, speak on exhale

A

Speech breathing

74
Q

the process of expiration and inspiration

A

Ventilation

75
Q

Respiration occurs as a result of pressure changes
Volume of gas increased = pressure decrease
As volume of lungs expands, pressure drops, and becomes negative in relation to atmospheric pressure
Causes air to flow into lungs

A

Boyle’s Law

76
Q

modulate the flow of air being expelled from the lungs during phonation

A

Vocal folds

77
Q

Abduction

A

open

78
Q

Adduction

A

closed

79
Q

3 pairs of vocal folds:

A

True Vocal Folds
Aryepiglottic Folds
Ventricular (false) Folds

80
Q

Velopharyngeal closure involves the contraction of…

A

Palatoglossus (CNXI & Pharyngeal plexus)
Tensor Veli Palatini (CN V3)
Levator Veli Palatini (Pharyngeal Plexus (IX & X))

81
Q

What innervates palatoglossus?

A

CN XI & Pharyngeal plexus

82
Q

What innervates Tensor Veli Palatini?

A

CN V3

83
Q

What innervates Levator Veli Palatini?

A

Pharyngeal Plexus (IX & X)

84
Q

causes the change in pressure that pulls VFs together; speed of air increases and “sucks” VFs toward one another- closure of folds

A

Bernoulli Effect

85
Q

wave-like motion of VF cover

A

Mucosal Wave

86
Q

An opening (created through the neck into the trachea)

A

Tracheostomy

87
Q

Surgical removal of larynx due to trauma/cancer

A

Laryngectomy

88
Q

Fenestrated tracheostomy

A

Small hole to allow air to pass through tube to vocal folds

89
Q

Unfenestrated tracheostomy

A

No small holes, requires speaking valve for air to be passed to vocal folds

PRAXIS (10 decks)

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