A Network of Networks Flashcards
Ada Lovelace
She became a collaborator with Charles Babbage, whom she met at a party
She is considered the first computer programmer since she wrote the first algorithm for a machine
Charles Babbage
1820s
Had the idea for the difference engine, which computed mathematical equations like a calculator and steampowered machine
Will ultimately build the analytical engine, which was like a prototype of the computer
ENIAC
1945, during WW2
Created in UPENN and is considered the first computer
Ballistics and weather
Women played an integrate part since they were the ones programming it
Homebrew Club
It was a computer club
That started to think about computers outside the university setting in the 1970s (Hobbyists)
Had members like Steve Jobs, Bill Gates, Steve Wozniak
The whole purpose was the idea of sharing ideas and giving everything away
Apple 1
It was released in 1976 by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak
It was like a kit to build your computer; it was designed for engineers, it had 6 slots even though you only needed 2
Designed for open software and a platform for creation and innovation (Wozniak)
Steve Jobs wanted the computer to be accessible to people with no computer knowledge, which led to these ideas coming together in Apple 2.
Apple 2 was released in 1977, commercialized, and had 6 slots but was very user friendly
Xerox PARC
Xerox, a company that makes copy machines, starts a research and development unit
This unit creates new technologies and gives tours of them.
They had created the Mouse, GUI, LAN (local area network)
Due to LAN, all their computers were connected
Called their internet, ethernet, “internetwork” where the name came from
Steve Jobs and Bill Gates both took tours of Xerox
After the tours, both decided to revamp their computers
GUI
Created by Xerox
A program on the computer that allowed pointing and clicking
This was very innovative since before computers used to be only in text
Apple v Microsoft
Apple was the first out with a graphical interface, then Microsoft came out with the same interface, and licenses the software from Apple
Microsoft would stop paying/licensing from Apple
Apple would then sue Microsoft
In the end, both copied from Xerox.
The findings are that no one can own ideas, like the virtual trashcan and desktop computer.
Vanevar Bush
Works for the government, oversaw the Manhattan Project, and then worked with President Truman
Wrote “As We May Think” (1945)- which describes the Memex
His vision of the computer is that is going to copy human memory
Human memory is chaotic but we are able to call into ideas with we need it and that is how the computer should work
Started National Science Foundation
JCR Licklider
Wrote “Intergalactic Computer Networks.” he believed everything is innerlinked and connected
He was thinking about the next version of the library
Network of networks
Distributed network where there is a lot of nodes where nothing is centralized
ARPANET
Invented in 1969, a military operation
They were worried about a nuclear act
Had distributed networks
Cold War
The time of the ARPANET
1947 to 1991
Packet switching
A mode of data transmission in which a message is broken into several parts which are sent independently, over whatever route is optimum for each packet, and reassembled at the destination
TCP/IP
The transmission control protocol system for packet switching
IP address
It tells where the packets fit and where they are going
Due to it being a big open system there is congestion since everyone is trying to send things through
Radia Perelman
Her invention of the algorithm behind the Spanning Tree Protocol solved a challenging information routing problem
She is a computer programmer
Network neutrality
In the early 2000s, there was a question on network priority due to congestion being present
The government believed that its package should get priority (which did not happen)
Yet everyone has the same opportunity to start, and no one has priority over each other
World Wide Web
Different layers of the internet. First, fiber optic cables were used. Then, with the creation of the world wide web, we started to use hyperlinks. Hyperlinks allow access to information to not be linear and allow you to move anywhere on the internet.
Tim Berners Lee
He invented the World Wide Web with hyperlinks.
He did research in Switzerland.
The Source
Commercialization of the internet. It was a company where people had to subscribe to be able to use the internet.
AOL
An online service provider that offers email, news, weather, and more. It was one of the first major Internet service providers in the United States.
Prodigy
An early online service that offered access to the internet, email, and other services. It was launched in 1988 as a joint venture between IBM and Sears.
The first consumer-oriented online service in the United States
Mark Andreessen
He invented the Graphical browser, which creates a new visual browser.
Mosaic
A web browser created by Marc Andreessen. It was the first browser to display text and images together on the same page.
Mosaic was released in 1993 and was free to the public.
Netscape
A computer company that created the popular web browser Navigator. Netscape was once the dominant browser but lost market share to Internet Explorer.
Yahoo
They were known for categorizing everything with the index.
A search engine that learned from universities. It was designed to function similarly to universities.
At the beginning, their algorithm was that each website had a rank, and they determined the rank by how many linked back to them (basically based on how many other websites found it useful)
