Audience, Celebrities, and Fans Flashcards
Spectator
When everyone is watching media you are assuming the male gaze since that is the way the media is instructed
Payne Fund Studies
A series of studies examined how movies affected children and adolescents.
Conducted from 1929 to 19933 and published between 1933 and 1936
Violent media is creating video society
Excuse for censorship of media
Entertainment and Utopia (Dyer)
Function of musicals in society
We are tired and do not have enough energy, communities are fractured
Musicals: fill in everything that is missing in our lives
We lack energy and watching musicals which is full of energy
Watching media to make up for everything we are missing in our lives
Gaze v. Glance
Gaze of male
Glance - with mobile media (TV)
View it of the corner of eye, not as engrossed
Doing something at the same time
Organizes space
Mobile media
Media allows to organize space especially at home/ambident TV made to be in the background
Multitasking
Dual screen rising rate
Can’t do it or can we
Evidence for both sides of the argument
Complex TV
Boob Tube vs Complex TV
Boob tube: TV makes us dumber
TV has become complex: more characters, more plotlines
Trained by TV to understand complex stories (makes smarter)
The Sopranos
Active audience
Cool medium
Encoding/decoding
Cool Medium (McLuahn)
A cool medium like TV makes it put more work in the view/perspective of the spectator to understand it more open-ended
Encoding/Decoding (Stuart Hall)
Messages are built into the media, and people decode and have different interpretations
Neilson Company
1920s start to measure radio viewers
Before that, they measured what people bought in stores to see what ads led people to buy
Founded in 1923
Multiple methods
Sampling
Streaming service percentage has risen about 40% in 2024
Audimeter
1936 radio meter, later TV, file sharing
During TV, they had a projector to measure what people saw
Neilson Diaries
Sweeps week - four times a year to get more information to then send to advertising to set the price for the rest of
Advertising rates
Interview people and take surveys on what they were watching
“Polling and public opinion” (Ben Ginsburg)
Politics
Mobs, protesting
Polling- the way you ask the question affects
Polling- helps when people are not sure about a certain topic
Globalization
Two way flows
Hollywood absorbs anything that criticizes it
Americanization
Worry about American culture through media due to it being dominant
Americanizing the world
Baudelaire, Paris Exposition of 1867
Charlie Chaplin is universally appealing
We are brought with America media
Localization
Worried about US dominating and influencing other countries
the process of making something local in character
Currency exports
If Hollywood makes money in France, and can only take some media from the country
It had to be reinvested in the country
Hollywood would reinvest in the local market and dominate the market
Formats
Three’s Company (1977)
Formats sold to allow other countries to remake it for a different country
Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? Starts in the UK
Big Brother starts in the Netherlands
Can’t sell the idea but create bibles about the characters and plot which could be sold
Remakes
a new version of a story that is based on an earlier production.
Turkish stars wars
Co-productions
Another country production becomes part of the filming processes
Long tail
Localization
Most media consumed at the head (blockbusters)
Long tail- with a smaller audience (viewers), the internet would find those audiences and distribute them
Works in long tail (niche) start to become bigger than the head
Fans
Star Wars v Star Trek
Star Trek fans’ pressure on the network was enough to help save it when they were going to cancel Star Trek
Led to conventions
The creator didn’t very accept Star Wars fans
Fandom in the communities
Fan art
Fan art: villains
Slash
A type of fan fiction where the primary focus is on a romantic or sexual relationship between two characters of the same sex, typically male characters
Spock and Kirk
Convergence culture
From folk culture to broadcast culture to participatory culture
Henry Jenkins
Mainstream - fan
Convergence of media (TV, movies)
Participatory culture not like folk culture (gangnam style)
Brings local culture in dialogue with
Transmedia storytelling
Cross platform, happens across platforms each work part of the ecosystem
Doesn’t make sense by itself
Matrix
Participatory media
A way of communicating where the audience is involved in gathering, reporting, and sharing content
Prosumer
Producer and consumer, overlapping
Consumer (fans) are making their version of the media
Cosplay
People dress up as their favorite characters
Going to conventions and interacting with people
Otaku
In Japan, cosplay is very popular
Fan culture - cutesy
Archive of Our Own
Fan writing
Referencing A Room of One’s Own by Virginia Woolf
Started by a group of women to give back to the media
Doujinshi
Manga/anime comics
Manga that doesn’t create their own character
Based on already existing characters and rework it
Remix culture
Use generated content
Wikipedia
Youtube
Amazon
Fair use
In the US, in 1976, starts to become adopted by other countries
They are times where you can use copyrighted material without permission depending on the circumstances (use)
Changing the purpose/idea of the work
Shepard Fairy- campaign poster for Obama
Camp
Camp embraces artifice and theatricality as ideals. Camp values the unnatural and the exaggerated. Camp values humor over seriousness.
Camp views the world from a distanced, ironic perspective. Camp values style and surface over content.
Ex. Lady Gaga
