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A-LEVEL PHY 3.4: Mechanics and Materials > A-LEVEL PHYSICS: 3.4.1: Force, Energy & Momentum PMT > Flashcards

A-LEVEL PHYSICS: 3.4.1: Force, Energy & Momentum PMT Flashcards

1
Q

Scalars & Vectors are…

A

Physical Quantities.

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2
Q

What are ‘Scalar Quantities’?

A

Scalar Quantities are Physical Quantities with Only Magnitude.

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3
Q

What are ‘Vector Quantities’?

A

Vector Quantities are Physical Quantities with both Direction & Magnitude.

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4
Q

Common Examples of Scalar Quantities: (4)

A

-Distance

-Speed

-Mass

-Temperature

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5
Q

Common Examples of Vector Quantities: (4)

A

-Displacement

-Velocity

-Force/Weight

-Acceleration

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6
Q

There are 2 Methods that you can use to Add Vectors: (2)

A

-Calculations: These Should be Used when the 2 Vectors are Perpendicular.
(Pythagoras, Trig., etc…)

-Scale Drawings: These Should be Used when Vectors are at Angles Other than 90’.

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7
Q

To Draw Scale Diagrams of Vectors, you Must Use…

A

A Ruler & a Protractor.

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8
Q

The Opposite of Adding Vectors is Called ___ ___. How is it Done?

A

Resolving Vectors. It is Done Using Trigonometry.

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9
Q

What is ‘Resolving Vectors’?

A

Resolving Vectors means Breaking Down a Vector into it’s Vertical & Horizontal Components.
It makes certain Calculations Easier.

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10
Q

For an Object to be in Equilibrium, …

A

The Sum of All of the Forces Acting on it Must be 0.

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11
Q

If an Object is in Equilibrium, it has No ___ ___, & so therefore it is either at ___, or it is Moving at a ___ ___, as According to…

A

Resultant Force, Rest, Constant Velocity, Newton’s First Law of Motion.

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12
Q

You Can Show that an Object is in Equilibrium by: (2)

A

-Adding the Horizontal & Vertical Components of the Forces Acting on it, Showing that they = 0. Hence, there is No Resultant Force, & the Object is in Equilibrium.

-If there are 3 Forces Acting on the Object, you can Draw a Scale Diagram. If the Scale Diagram Forms a Closed Triangle, then the Object is in Equilibrium.

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13
Q

What is a ‘Moment’?

A

The Moment of a Force About a Point is the Force * Perpendicular Distance to Line of Action of Force from the Point.

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14
Q

Moment = …

A

Force * Perpendicular Distance to Line of Action of Force from the Point

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15
Q

What is a ‘Force Couple’?

A

A Force Couple is a Pair of Coplanar Forces (Meaning that they are Forces within the same Plane), where the 2 Forces are Equal in Magnitude & Opposite in Direction.

A Force Couple is a Pair of Equal & Opposite Forces, Acting within the Same Plane.

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16
Q

What are ‘Coplanar Forces’?

A

Coplanar Forces are Forces that Act within the Same Plane.

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17
Q

How do you find out the ‘Moment of a Force Couple’?

A

To find the Moment of a Force Couple, you Multiply One of the Forces by the Perpendicular Distance Between the Lies of Action of the Forces.

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18
Q

Moment of a Force Couple = …

A

1 of the Forces * Perpendicular Distance (between the Lines of Action of Forces)

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19
Q

‘The Principle of Moments’: …

A

The Principle of Moments States that, for an Object in Equilibrium,:

“The Sum of Clockwise Moments About a Pivot is Equal to the Sum of Anticlockwise Moments.”

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20
Q

The Principle of Moments:

Sum of Clockwise Moments = …

A

Sum of Anticlockwise Moments.

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21
Q

What is the ‘Centre of Mass’?

A

The Centre of Mass of an Object is the Point at which an Object’s Mass Acts.
If an Object is Described as Uniform, its Centre of Mass will be Exactly at its Centre.

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22
Q

Where does the Mass of an Object Act?

A

At its Centre of Mass.

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23
Q

If an Object is Described as Uniform, its Centre of Mass will be…

A

Exactly at its Centre.

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24
Q

What is ‘Speed’?

A

Speed is a Scalar Quantity which Describes how Quickly an Object is Travelling.

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25
Q

What is ‘Displacement’?

A

Displacement is the Overall Distance Travelled from the Starting Position.
It Includes Direction Travelled, so is therefore a Vector Quantity.

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26
Q

What is ‘Velocity’?

A

Velocity is the Rate of Change of Displacement.

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27
Q

What is ‘Acceleration’?

A

Acceleration is the Rate of Change of Velocity.

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28
Q

What is ‘Instantaneous Velocity’?

A

Instantaneous Velocity is the Velocity of an Object at a Specific Point in Time.
It Can be Found from a Displacement-Time Graph, by Drawing a Tangent to the Graph at the Specific Time, & Calculating the Gradient.

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29
Q

How Can ‘Instantaneous Velocity’ be Found?

A

Instantaneous Velocity Can be Found from a Displacement-Time Graph, by Drawing a Tangent to the Graph at the Specific Time, & Calculating the Gradient.

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30
Q

What is ‘Average Velocity’?

A

Average Velocity is the Velocity of an Object Over a Specified Time Frame.
It Can be Found by Dividing the Final Displacement by the Time Taken.

31
Q

How Can ‘Average Velocity’ be Found?

A

Average Velocity Can be Found by Dividing the Final Displacement by the Time Taken.

32
Q

What is ‘Uniform Acceleration’?

A

Uniform Acceleration is where the Acceleration of an Object is Constant.

33
Q

What are ‘Acceleration-Time Graphs’?

A

Acceleration-Time Graphs are Graphs that Represent the Change in Acceleration Over Time.
The Area Under the Graph is Change in Velocity.
Acceleration is y-axis. Time is x-axis.

34
Q

What are ‘Velocity-Time’ Graphs?

A

Velocity-Time Graphs are Graphs that Represent the Change in Velocity Over Time.
The Gradient of a Velocity-Time Graph is Acceleration.
The Area Under the Graph is Displacement.

35
Q

What are ‘Displacement-Time’ Graphs?

A

Displacement-Time Graphs are Graphs that Represent the Change in Displacement Over Time.
Hence, their Gradient Represents Velocity.

36
Q

When an Object is Moving at Uniform Acceleration, you Can Use the following Formulas: (4)

A

SUVAT Equations:

  • v = u + at
  • s = (u+v / 2) t
  • s = ut + at^2 / 2
  • s = vt - at^2 / 2
  • v^2 = u^2 +2as

(*get post-it notes of these in ur room!!!)

37
Q

The Vertical & Horizontal Components of a Projectile’s Motion are…

A

Independent.

38
Q

The ___ & ___ Components of a Projectile’s Motion are…

A

Vertical, Horizontal, Independent.

39
Q

The Vertical & Horizontal Components of a Projectile’s Motion are Independent. Therefore, …

A

Therefore, the Projectile’s Vertical & Horizontal Motion Can be Evaluated Separately (Using SUVAT).

40
Q

What is ‘Free Fall’?

A

Free Fall is where an Object Experiences an Acceleration of g.

41
Q

What is ‘Friction’?

A

Friction is a Force which Opposes the Motion of an Object.
It is also known as Drag, or Air Resistance, when Considering Friction Experienced in a Fluid/Gas(the air).
Frictional Forces Convert Kinetic Energy into Other Forms, such as Sound & Heat.

42
Q

The Magnitude of Air Resistance…

A

Increases as the Speed of the Object Increases.

43
Q

What is ‘Lift’?

A

Lift is an Upwards Force, which Acts on Objects Travelling in a Fluid.
It is Caused by the Object Creating a Change in Direction of Fluid Flow, & it Acts Perpendicular to the Direction of Fluid Flow.

44
Q

What is ‘Terminal Speed’?

A

Terminal Speed Occurs when the Frictional Forces & the Driving Forces Acting on an Object are Equal.
Therefore, there is No Resultant Force, & so No Acceleration.
Hence, the Object Travels at a Constant Speed.
Also known as Terminal Velocity.

45
Q

Explain the Forces Acting on a Skydiver from when they Jump Out of the Plane to when they Land: (2)

A

-As they Leave the Plane, they Accelerate. This is because their Weight is Greater than the Air Resistance.

-As the Skydiver’s Speed Increases, the Magnitude of Air Resistance also Increases. This Continues Until the Force of Weight and Air Resistance become Equal.
At this Point, there is No Resultant Force Acting on the Object.
Hence, Terminal Velocity is Reached.

46
Q

Air Resistance will Affect Both the…

A

Vertical & Horizontal Components of a Projectile’s Motion.

47
Q

With Air Resistance, the Maximum Height is Reached ___, and the Vertical & Horizontal Distance Travelled ___.

A

Earlier, Decreases.

48
Q

Newton’s First Law of Motion:

A

An Object Will Remain at Rest, or at Constant Velocity, Until Acted on by an External Force, & Experiences a Resultant Force.

49
Q

Newton’s Second Law of Motion:

A

F = ma

50
Q

Newton’s Third Law of Motion:

A

For Each Force Experienced by an Object, the Object Exerts an Equal & Opposite Force.
Every Action has an Equal & Opposite Reaction.
Normal Force Exerted on us by the Ground.
We don’t fall through a wall when we push on it- it pushes back onto us with an Equal & Opposite Force.

51
Q

What is a ‘Free-Body Diagram’?

A

A Free-Body Diagram is a Diagram which Shows All of the Forces Acting on an Object.

52
Q

A Free-Body Diagram Will show you how Each of the Forces Acting on an Object ___ with Each Other.

A

Compare.

53
Q

What is ‘Momentum’?

A

Momentum is the Product of the Mass & Velocity of an Object.

Momentum = Mass * Velocity.

54
Q

Momentum = …

A

Mass & Velocity

55
Q

Total Momentum Before Collision = …

A

Total Momentum After Collision

55
Q

Momentum is Always ___ in any Interaction where No External Forces Act on the Object.
What does this mean?

A

Conserved.
This means that:
Total Momentum Before Collision = Total Momentum After Collision

56
Q

Newton’s Second Law of Motion States that F = ma. Therefore, F = Δ(mv) / Δt.

From this, you Can see that…

A

Force is the Rate of Change of Momentum.

57
Q

What is an ‘Impulse’?

A

Impulse is the Change in Momentum.

FΔt = Δ(mv)

FΔt is Impulse.

58
Q

The Are of a Force-Time Graph is ___.
Therefore, it is also Equal to…

A

F * Δt
Change in Momentum.

59
Q

There are 2 Types of Collisions: (2)

A

-Elastic: Where Both Momentum & Kinetic Energy are Conserved.

-Inelastic: Where Only Momentum is Conserved, while Some of the Kinetic Energy is Converted into Other Forms (eg Heat, Sound, etc.), and May be Larger or Smaller After a Collision.

60
Q

If the Objects in a Collision Stick Together After the Collision, then it is an…

A

Inelastic Collision.

61
Q

How Can you Easily Tell when a Collision is Inelastic?

A

If the Objects in a Collision Stick Together After the Collision, then it is an Inelastic Collision.

62
Q

What is ‘Work Done’?

A

Work Done is the Force Causing a Motion * Distance Travelled in the Direction of the Force.

Work Done = Force Applied * Distance Moved

63
Q

Work Done = …

A

Force Applied * Distance Moved

64
Q

W = …

A

F s cosΘ

s = Distance Travelled

Θ = Angle Between the Direction of the Force & the Direction of Motion.

65
Q

As Work Done is a Measure of Energy Transfer, …

A

Energy Transferred = Work Done

66
Q

What is ‘Power’?

A

Power is the Rate of Energy Transferred.

67
Q

Power is the Rate of Energy Transferred.
Therefore, P = …

A

P = ΔW / Δt = F * Δs / Δt = Fv

as v = Δs / Δt

68
Q

For a Variable Force, you Can’t Use the Formula to Find Work Done. How do you Find Work Done for a Variable Force?

A

You Can Find the Work Done for a Variable Force by Calculating the Area Under the Force-Displacement Graph.

Area Under a Force-Displacement Graph = Work Done

69
Q

What is ‘Efficiency’?

A

Efficiency is the Measure of How Efficiently a System Transfers Energy.

Efficiency = Useful Power Out / Total Power In
(*100%)

70
Q

The Principle of Conservation of Energy: …

A

The Principle of Conservation of Energy States that:

Energy Cannot be Created Nor Destroyed, Only Transferred (from One Form to Another).

Therefore, the Total Energy in a Closed System Remains Constant.

Total Energy In = Total Energy Out

71
Q

Change in Gravitational Potential Energy = …

A

ΔEp = mgΔh

72
Q

Kinetic Energy = …

A

Ek = m * v^2 /2

73
Q
A

A-LEVEL PHY 3.4: Mechanics and Materials (15 decks)

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