A level 2021 Flashcards
Outline the spatial organisation of one transnational corporation (TNC) you have studied (4 marks)
- Apple is a global brand with its main operations in North America, Europe and Asia
- Its HQ and research centre is on its own campus - Apple campus in Cupertino, California.
- Assembly is outsourced to Foxconn based across China making use of low-cost labour market
- Foxconn has its main production base in Foxconn City in Shenzhen
Analyse the data shown in Figure 1a and Figure 1b. (6 marks)
P - Figure 1a shows the number of forces in active service has fluctuated between 1955 and 2015.
E - Asia has little deployment of UN forces with its peak of 10,000 troops in early 2000s. In 2016 there was no personnel in Asia. Middle East/North Africa had constant presence of UN forces, except for 1968 to 1973.
D - The divided bar shows the origins of the peacekeeping forces has changed over time - in 1995 over half came from Europe but in 2016 this reduced by 46%. In Sub-Saharan Africa supplies over 6 times the number of forces in 2016 compared to 1995.
A - The relationshop between 1995 and 2016 is not clear. For example, Asia has 1/5 troops in 1995 and 1/3 in 2016 but none in 1a
L - 1b shows a relationship to 1a. For example in 1995 Europe has 50% of all forces in active service
Using Figure 2 and your own knowledge, assess the importance of geographical location in trading relationship between major economies such as China and smaller less developed economies. (6 marks)
AO1:
* Global features in pattern and volume of international trade
* Factors in trading relationships (e.g. geographical location)
* Globalisation
* Trading relationships between large economies (e.g. EU)
AO2:
* Figure 2 suggests that countries are geographically close (e.g. Japan and Hong Kong).
* Figure 2 shows that China exports more to smaller economies in close proximity.
* China exports less to Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, even wtih trade agreement suggesting other factors
* Trade between US and Latin America, suggests location is important, related to Mercosur.
‘Climate change and pressures from economic growth mean that it is becoming more difficult to protect the global commons, such as Antarctica’.
To what extent do you agree with this view? (20 marks)
AO1
- Threats/benefits to global commons
- Geography of Antarctica
- Threats to Antarctica due to climate change
- Threats to Antarctica due to economic pressure (e.g. tourism)
- Other global commons (e.g. international organisations and NGOs)
- Strategies for enhancing protection of Antarctica and other global commons
‘Climate change and pressures from economic growth mean that it is becoming more difficult to protect the global commons, such as Antarctica’.
To what extent do you agree with this view? (20 marks)
AO2
- International governance: Antarctica in economic pressure from mineral exploration as technology improves and global reserves decline
- Threat and management: Fragility of the ecosystem and need for protection. For example, overfishing
- Challenges of management: ‘Tragedy of the commons’
- International organisations in protection: The Antarctic Treaty 1959 governs protection from tourism to scientific research. 52 nations have signed. The Madrid Protocol in 1991, Antarctica as a natural reserve devoted to peace and science
- International agreements in protection: Paris Agreement to limit Co2 reduces climate change on oceans in Antarctica
- Despite protection, limited success in preventing change
Outline how topography can contribute to the character of a place. (4 marks)
- Topography - shape of the land and the distribution of its surface features and relationship between them
- Features such as mountains may be made out of specific rock types
- Rocks of mountains can be used to build houses, having a better look and character of the place
- Example: ‘slate villages’ of North Wales are known for houses made of slate, and a cultural connection
Evaluate the usefulness of Figure 3a and Figure 3b in showing change in Ancoats. (6 marks)
AO3:
* Figure 3a is more useful for assessing lived experience at the time (i.e. difficult to assess)
* Poem and sketch not useful in showing change in Ancoats such as climate. (i.e. ‘rainy place’ and in sketch)
* Aspects of life in 1906 compared to present lived experience. For example, it suggests poverty (e.g. clogs) and the area is industrial with air pollution.
* Figure 3b is more useful in showing change then 3a (e.g. large buildings/chimneys)
Using Figure 4a, Figure 4b and your own knowledge, to what extent do you agree that place-meaning is based on different perspectives? (6 marks)
AO1:
* How humans form attachments to places and represent the world
* Persoanlity and impact on different perspectives of place-meaning other than Grasmere
AO2:
* Figure 4a and 4b suggests local people are not happy about houseboats. They believe Grasmere is ‘tranquil’ and ‘beautiful’ and environmental value which houseboats will destroy
* Perspective of Grasmere is peaceful from local people to politicians to poets
* Lowther Estates have different perspectives on Grasmere for commercial gain. The believe that tourism is more important than tranquility
* Figure 4a and 4b suggest that perspectives on place are based on strong emotional attachments to places
