A: 1-5

Question 1

How can we block the sensory transmissionfrom from a local area of the body to the CNS?

Answer 1

Inhibition of voltage dependent Na+ ch.

Question 2

What will enhance the effect of local anesthetics?

Answer 2

Elevated extracellular K+ conc.

Question 3

What will antag. the effect of local anes.?

Answer 3

Elevated E.c Ca2+ conc.

Question 4

Give the properties of the best molecule to cross the lipid membrane?

Answer 4

Lipid soluble
Non-ionized
Uncharged

Question 5

Which molecule is more effective in blocking?

Non ionizing/Ionizing

Answer 5

Ionizing

Question 6

Nerve fiber sensitivity- What are the properties of a nerve that will get block fast?

Answer 6

Small fiber diameter
Myelinated
High firing rate
Anatomic location

Question 7

Which fiber type is considered to be heavily myelinated?

Answer 7

Type A

Question 8

Except _____ all local anesthetics are _____

Answer 8

Cocaine

Vasodilators

Question 9

Local anesthetics can be devided into two groups

Answer 9

Amides

Esters

Question 10

Local anesthestics- Amides can be devided into 2

Answer 10

Long acting: Lidocaine, Articaine

Short acting: Bupivacaine

Question 11

Local anesthetics- Esters

Answer 11

Surface acting: Cocaine

Question 12

Which are the short acting Amides?

Answer 12

Lidocaine

Articaine

Question 13

Lidocaine MOA

Answer 13

Blockage of VDNaC

Question 14

Which local anesthestic has the fastest duration of action?

Answer 14

Articaine

אתה מלקק ארטיק וזה ישר עושה לך בריין פריז

Question 15

Lidocaine metabolism

Answer 15

CYP 450

Question 16

Lidocaine duration of action

Answer 16

1-2 h

Question 17

What can prolonged the duration of action of Lidocaine?

Answer 17

Epinephrine co-admin.

Question 18

Which is the Amides long acting agent?

Answer 18

Bupivacaine

Question 19

Bupivacaine duration of action

Answer 19

3-6 h

Question 20

Bupivacaine metabolism

Answer 20

CYP 450

Question 21

Cocaine metabolism

Answer 21

Plasma Cholinesterase

Question 22

Cocaine duration of action

Answer 22

1-2 h

Question 23

When is Cocaine used?

Answer 23

Procedures requiring high surface activity and vasoconstriction

Question 24

Cocaine side effects

Answer 24

CNS
Arrhythmias
HTN
Coronary vasospasm

Question 25

Drugs pKa

Answer 25

The pH at which the molecule is 50% ionized and 50% non ionized

Question 26

The lower the pKa the more ____ the drug

Answer 26

Acidic

Question 27

Lipid solubility of a drug is invrsley proportional to

Answer 27

Its charge

Question 28

Urine alkalization will promote excrtion of which drugs?

Answer 28

Isonizaid | Weak acids

Question 29

Urine acidification will promote excrtion of which drugs?

Answer 29

Morphine Nicotine Weak base

Question 30

Volume of distribution=

Answer 30

Amount of drug in the body / Plasma drug conc.

Question 31

Example for a drug which is highly bound to plasma proteins

Answer 31

Warfarin is bound to Albumin | NASID's can displace Warfarin from Albumin

Question 32

Pharmacokinetics include

Answer 32

Absorption Distribution Metabolism Elimination

Question 33

Phase I reaction possabilities

Answer 33

Oxidation Reduction Hydrolysis

Question 34

Types of elimination

Answer 34

First order | Zero order

Question 35

First order elimination

Answer 35

Rate of elimination is proportional to plasma conc. Constant fraction of drug is eliminated per unit time Higher thee conc. --> Greater the amount eliminated

Question 36

Zero order elimination

Answer 36

Rate of elimination is constant regardless of the conc.

Question 37

Receptor theory=

Answer 37

Classic receptor theory Two state receptor theory (inactive, active) Spare receptor theory

Question 38

Potency=

Answer 38

Amount of a drug required to produce a givven effect

Question 39

Efficiacy=

Answer 39

Maximal effect an agonist can produce if the dose is taken into the highest tolerated level

Question 40

The higher the ____________ the safer the drug

Answer 40

Theraputic index

Question 41

Example for synergistic drug interactions | Additive

Answer 41

Aspirin and Ibuprofen

Question 42

Example for synergistic drug interactions | Potentiation

Answer 42

Caffeine and NASID's

Question 43

Pharmacokinetics is=

Answer 43

How a body processes a drug

Question 44

Process of drug developement

Answer 44

In vitro Animal atudying Clinical testing Marketing

Question 45

Clinical testing phases

Answer 45

Phase 1: 20-100 subjects. is it safe? Phase 2: 100-200 does it work? Phase 3: 1000-6000 double blind