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Psychology/Sociology MCAT > 9B. Demographics > Flashcards

9B. Demographics Flashcards

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1
Q

Life Course Theory

A

–aging is a social, psychological, and biological process that begins from the time you’re born and continues until you die.

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2
Q

Life Course Framework

A

–study of aging approach that emphasizes the interaction of historical events, individual decisions and opportunities and the effect of early life experiences in determining later life outcomes

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3
Q

Age Stratification Theory

A

–describes how the age of a generation regulates that generation’s behavior.

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4
Q

Activity Theory

A

–concerned with the replacement of certain jobs and activities, lost due to an aging population.

–certain activities and roles, like jobs, are lost due to old age.

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5
Q

Disengagement Theory

A

–examines the self-reflection that occurs as one ages and how aging causes a separation of society.

–suggest that older adults and society separate, like when someone retires from work.

–it assumes that they become more self-absorbed as they age, so the separation allows for self-reflection.

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6
Q

Continuity Theory

A

–suggest that people try to maintain a same basic structure for their lives over time.

–attempts to understand the choices one makes to maintain consistency in social roles as one ages.

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7
Q

Gerontology

A

–study of aging and the life course.

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8
Q

Age Cohorts

A

–groups of people categorized by age range.

–must be taken from the same generation.

–A generation needs three common aspects: a sociocultural location or COMMON EXPERIENCES, a temporal location (20 to 25 years in length per generation), and a historical location or commonality of era.

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9
Q

Dependency ratio

A

–a solely age-based measurement that takes the number of people aged 14 and under and the # of people aged 65 and up, who are typically not in the labor force, and compares that to the # of people aged 15 to 64, who are in the labor force.

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10
Q

Cohort study

A

–following a subset of a population over time.

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11
Q

Period study

A

–examining the number of offspring produced during a specific time period.

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12
Q

Social significance of aging

A

–emphasizes the idea that aging is more complicated than simply the measured time since birth.

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13
Q

Sex

A

–assigned at birth based on the infant’s genitalia.

–biological male/female.

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14
Q

Gender

A

–a social and psychological phenomenon best described by the intersection of three related concepts: sex, gender identity, and gender expression

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15
Q

Social construction of gender

A

–the development of gender is subject to cultural influences and depends on social interactions.

–we have an agreed-upon set of characteristics that define male and female.

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16
Q

Gender segregation

A

–separating males from females

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17
Q

Race

A

–socially-defined category that is based on physical differences b/w groups of people.

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18
Q

Ethnicity

A

–socially-defined category that is based on a shared language, religion, nationality, history, or some other cultural factor.

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19
Q

Discrimination

A

–the unjust treatment of a category of people simply b/c they belong to that category.

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20
Q

Prejudice

A

–when someones has some preconceived opinion that isn’t based on reason or experience.

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21
Q

Social construction of race

A

–process by which racial categories are created through social forces

–we classify people into races based on outward appearance.

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22
Q

Racialization

A

–ascribing a racial identity onto someone.

–the imposition of a racial identity on a particular group; has been used to support the domination of less powerful groups.

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23
Q

Racial formation

A

–we construct/form races to justify treating people differently.

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24
Q

Racial Formation Theory

A

–states that race is a social construct, with no basis in actual genetic differences, and emphasizes how a variety of social factors interact to construct definitions, expectations, and experiences of race

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25
Q

Inter-colonialism

A

–where a minority group is segregated and exploited.

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26
Q

Assimilation

A

–where a minority group is absorbed into the majority.

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27
Q

Pluralism

A

–encourages racial and ethnic variation in a society.

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28
Q

Patterns of immigration

A

–some of the largest groups of immigrants to the U.S. are from Mexico, Caribbean nations, and India.

–immigration is increasing.

–immigrants also move to the oil rich areas of the Middle East and the industrial economies of Europe and Asia.

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29
Q

Immigration status

A

–intersections with race and ethnicity often lead to prejudice and discrimination.

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30
Q

Gender

A

2 main factors:
the gender you identify as.
the gender you express outwardly

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31
Q

Cisgendered

A

–when biological sex and gender identity match.

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32
Q

Transgendered

A

–when biological sex and gender identity don’t match.

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33
Q

Sexual Orientation

A

–not dependent on the sex or gender of a person.

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34
Q

Theories of demographic change

A

–attempt to explain the causes and results of population growth.

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35
Q

Malthusian Theory

A

–suggests that starvation is the inevitable result of population growth because the population increases at a geometric rate while food supply can only increase arithmetically.

–population grows exponentially and will eventually outgrow its resources.

–War, famine, disease bring the population back down to a sustainable level (positive checks).

–Population control (preventive checks) such as later marriage also keeps the population from outgrowing its resources.

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36
Q

Demographic shift

A

–changes in population makeup, including birth and death rates (demographic transition)

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37
Q

Demographic transition

A

–changes in birth and death rates a society goes through as it develops.

–states that the population will eventually stop growing when the country transitions from high birth rates and high death rates to low birth rates and death rates, stabilizing the population.

Stages (4):
1. preindustrial society
2. better conditions
3. better population control
4. industrialized society
5. Malthusian scenario w/ negative growth.

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38
Q

Stage 1 of Demographic Transition:
Preindustrial society

A

–both birth rate and death rates are high

–short life expectancy

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39
Q

Stage 2 of Demographic Transition:
Better conditions

A

–death rate decreases

–longer life expectancy than stage 1.

–high birth rate.

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40
Q

Stage 3 of Demographic Transition:
Better population control

A

–birth rate decreases

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41
Q

Stage 4 of Demographic Transition:
Industrialized society

A

–both birth and death rates are low

–increase in life expectancy.

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42
Q

Stage 5 of Demographic Transition:

A

Malthusian scenario w/ negative growth.

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43
Q

Demographic Transition Theory

A

–links population growth to the society’s use of technology, describing sequential stages of change in birth and death rates; suggests that technology is what keeps the population size in check, but it fails to consider other factors that limit population growth.

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44
Q

Population Dynamics

A

–looks at how the population a country or a region or even the world changes.

–takes into account the factors that increase a population and the factors that decrease population.

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45
Q

Growth Rate

A

–measures how much the population of a country grows or shrinks in a period of time.

46
Q

Total Growth Rate

A

3 factors:
Fertility, Migration, and Mortality

47
Q

Migration

A

of people who are moving into and out of countries, permanently.

48
Q

Internal Migration

A

–when people move within their own country.

–doesn’t change the total population of the country, but it can affect the economics or cultures of a country.

–large factor of urbanization.

49
Q

Population Growth

A

–birth rate > death rate

50
Q

Population Decline

A

–death rate > birth rate

51
Q

Population Projection

A

-predict changes in populations by examining current data.

–estimate population at future date.

52
Q

Population pyramids

A

–graphs a population’s sex and age cohorts

bottom heavy = population growth.

top heavy = population decline.

side skew = gender imbalance.

53
Q

Mortality rate

A

–death per population per year

54
Q

Fertility

A

–the production of offspring within a population; rates can be measured by a cohort study or period study.

55
Q

Total fertility rate

A

–the average number of children that one woman is expected to have over her lifetime

56
Q

Crude fertility rate

A

–babies per population per time.

57
Q

Age-specific birth rates

A

–the fertility of women who are a specific age or fall within a range of ages

58
Q

Crude death rate

A

–the number of deaths per year for every thousand people in a population

59
Q

Infant mortality rate

A

–measures how many people less than one year old die per every thousand live births in a given year.

60
Q

Patterns in fertility and mortality:

A

–birth rates typically fall as a society’s economy develops (as seen in the U.S.); healthcare advances can lead to a decline in mortality rates.

61
Q

Push and pull factors for migration

A

–describe distinct motivations for migrating;

PUSH FACTORS are reasons to leave a location where an individual currently resides (why you want to leave this place)
Ex. natural disasters or lack of jobs

PULL FACTORS are reasons to move to a specific location (why you want to go to the other place)

62
Q

Factors that influence Population

A

Births and immigrations (increase population)

Death and Emigration (decrease population)

63
Q

Immigration

A

–the movement of a person into a country.

–increases population

64
Q

Emigration

A

–the movement of a person out of a country.

–decreases population

65
Q

Social movement

A

–a group of people who share in ideology and work together toward a specified set of goals; arise among people who experience deprivation or alienation

66
Q

Mass Society Theory

A

–views social movements as irrational and suspicious.

–people would only join a social movement b/c it provided a sense of community and refuge from the meaninglessness of life on one zone.

–this viewpoint was strong in the 20th century, the time of Nazism, fascism, and Stalinism.

–this theory blew over after the civil rights movement.

67
Q

Relative Deprivation

A

–the feeling of discrepancy b/w legitimate expectations and the reality of the present.

68
Q

Relative Deprivation Theory

A

–focuses on the actions of groups who are oppressed or deprived of rights that other people in their society enjoy.

–three things that are necessary for a social movement to form: a relative deprivation, a feeling of deserving better, and to believe that conventional methods are useless to help.

69
Q

Exchange Theory

A

–explains social interactions by the comparison of costs and benefits.

70
Q

Resource Mobilization Theory

A

–focuses on the factors that help or hinder a social movement. (ex. lack of resources)

71
Q

Rational Choice Theory

A

–proposes that people compare pros and cons of diff. courses of action and choose the one that they think is best for themselves.

72
Q

Organization of social movements: PROACTIVE

A

–promote change

73
Q

Organization of social movements: REACTIVE

A

–resist change

74
Q

Strategy

A

–a general plan describing goals of the movement.

75
Q

Tactics

A

–describe how the movement implements a strategy.

76
Q

Globalization

A

–the increased contact b/w individuals on an international scale; enacted through the exchange of ideas, products, services, and information

77
Q

Globalization Theories

A

World-Systems Theory

Modernization Theory

Dependency Theory

78
Q

World-Systems Theory of Globalization

A

–focuses on the importance of the world as a unit, rather than looking at individual countries.

–divides the world into three regions:
Periphery countries
Semi-Periphery countries
Core countries

–a fluid model, but is criticized for focusing too much on the economy and core countries, and forgetting about culture or even the class struggles of individual countries.

79
Q

Core countries

A

ex. Western Europe and USA.

–these countries have a strong central gov’t. w/ enough tax to support it. They are industrialized, economically diversified, and independent of outside control.

–have a strong upper and middle class.

80
Q

Periphery countries

A

ex. Latin American countries and African countries.

–tend to have a weak gov’t. Depend on only one type of economic activity like extracting raw materials.

–high percentage of poor and uneducated people as well as a small upper class that controls most of the economy.

–this creates a huge inequality in the population.

81
Q

Semi-periphery countries

A

ex. India and Brazil

–make up the middle ground b/w periphery and core countries.

–not dominant in international trade but have a relatively diversified and developed economy.

–can come from periphery countries moving up or core countries moving down.

82
Q

Modernization Theory

A

–proposes that all countries follow a similar path of development from a traditional to a modern society.

–assumes that w/ some help, traditional countries can develop into modern countries.

–looks at the internal social dynamics as the country adapts to new technologies, and the political and social changes that occur.

83
Q

Dependency Theory

A

–a reaction to modernization theory, and uses the idea of Core and Periphery countries from the World-systems theory to look at inequality b/w countries.

–it is the idea that periphery countries are poor and export resources to the wealthy core countries. They have their own structures and features not seen in developed countries, and will not accelerate to become a developed nation. The periphery countries don’t have the opportunity to improve and develop. They’ll remain poor and dependent on wealthier nations.

84
Q

Hyper Globalist Perspective of Globalization

A

–sees globalization as a legitimate process, a new age in human history.

–countries’ economies become interdependent as the nations’ states become less important.

–many individual countries become one global society.

–argues that globalization entails a movement away from individual nations toward a single global society

85
Q

Skeptical Perspective of Globalization

A

–critical of globalization.

–considers today’s international processes as becoming regionalized rather than globalized.

–countries’ borders are not becoming less important, third world countries aren’t being integrated into the global economy w/ the same benefits as first world countries.

–don’t believe that the current economy is leading towards global capitalism.

–emphasizes that national borders are still important because individual nations are not being equally integrated into the global economy

86
Q

Transformational Perspective of Globalization

A

–doesn’t have either a specific cause or a specific outcome.

–believe that national governments are changing, becoming less important.

–just see that the world order is changing. (just that a new world order design is developing)

–argues that globalization causes new patterns of interdependent interactions but the outcomes cannot be predicted with any certainty.

87
Q

Factors contributing to globalization

A

ex.’s communication technology, economic interdependence.

–globalization is made possible by technology, and driven by the need to trade.

88
Q

Communication technologies

A

–allow an unprecedented type of interaction unbound by spatial constraints; significantly reduce the extent to which distance limits interactions; makes communication much more economically feasible

89
Q

Economic interdependence

A

–corporations often conduct operations across multiple continents

90
Q

Perspectives on Globalization

A

–proponents: economic growth and development

–criticisms: colonialism, inequality, cultural assimilation

91
Q

Social changes in globalization:

A

ex.’s civil unrest, terrorism.

–cultural assimilation, colonialism, inequality can cause civil unrest and terrorism.

92
Q

Terrorism

A

–the use of violence to coerce countries and governments in order to achieve political or ideological ends

93
Q

Civil Unrest

A

–disorder caused by a group of people in public, due to a perceived injustice over how resources are distributed

94
Q

Urbanization

A

–the movement of people from rural areas to urban areas.

–dense area of population where people migrate to = cities

–more options for education and transportation, and faster access to medical help.

95
Q

What are the differences b/w rural and urban?

A

Rural area – anywhere that has less than 1000 people per square mile. Has to have less than 2500 residents.

Urban area – includes cities and towns.

96
Q

Metropolis

A

–classification of an urban area that grows to more than 500,000 people.

97
Q

Megalopolis

A

–a mega city
–a bunch of metropolises that are all connected and grown into each other

98
Q

Functionalist Perspective of Urbanization

A

–Cities have both functions and dysfunctions.

–Cities are a slice of culture and promote diverse populations, but they’re also host to crime and other disruptions to society.

99
Q

Conflict Theory

A

–cities are sources of any quality that are mainly entertainment centers for the wealthy.

–cities are sources of inequality where the elite use resources from the poor to enrich their own lives, and the cultural diversity leads to more conflict b/w diff. beliefs and values.

–Political and economical lead run the city to increase their personal resources and take from the poor.

100
Q

Symbolic Interactionism Perspective

A

–you see the positive side of cities rather than a chaotic place.

–cities are places where people have a diff. way of looking at life. Strong cultural values, and the people have different interactions and perspectives of urban life.

101
Q

Suburbanization

A

–the process of large-scale movement from cities to suburbs.

–with better transportation and the ability to work at home, many people prefer to live in the suburbs (city outskirts), where there is less crime, noise and pollution. This depopulation leads many areas of the city abandoned, contributing to urban decline.

102
Q

Urban Decline

A

–the deterioration of the inner city often caused by lack of investment and maintenance.

–buildings are abandoned and unemployment and crime can rise.

103
Q

Industrialization

A

= more manufacturing = more need for workforce concentrated in one area = more jobs = urban growth

104
Q

Urban Growth

A

–the rate at which the population of an urban area increases.

105
Q

Urban Growth Models (3)

A

Concentric Zone Model
Sector Model
Multiple Nuclei Model

106
Q

Concentric Zone Model

A

Zone 1 - Central Business District (CBD)

Zone 2 - transitional area containing rooming houses and deteriorating housing which breed poverty, disease, and vice.

Zone 3 - the area thrifty workers have moved in order to escape the transitional Zone 2 yet maintain convenient access to their work.

Zone 4 - contains more expensive apartments, hotels, single-family home, etc.

Zone 5 - com

107
Q

Sector Model

A
108
Q

Multiple Nuclei Model

A

–a city may have several centers of ‘nuclei’.

–says that even if a city did begin w/ one CBD, it can still develop multiple smaller business districts.

109
Q

Growth Machine Theory

A

–points out that urban growth is driven by a coalition of interest groups who all benefit from a city’s continuous growth and expansion.

–the growth of cities is social, political, and largely planned and intended.

–How groups lobby or manipulate the government or other groups, determine how cities grow and take shape.

–How people within the city are distributed is not so much related to geography, transportation, or space, but rather to the social actions of interest groups.

110
Q

Gentrification

A

–a specific urban renewal pattern in which middle- and upper-class people move to areas of a city with cheap buildings that are in need of restoration.

–arrival of wealthy people into poor urban areas, raising rent and property values.

–the people who lived there before the redevelopment are often pushed out, b/c they just can’t afford the property anymore.

111
Q

Urban Renewal

A

–attempts to improve urban conditions through the restoration of buildings and public infrastructure.

–clearing slums in cities and redeveloping it.

112
Q

Rural Rebound

A

–a phenomenon where people get sick of the cities and move back out to rural areas.

Psychology/Sociology MCAT (12 decks)

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