8A Self Identity

Question 1

self-concept/self-identity

Answer 1

sum of an individual’s knowledge and understanding of his- or herself; includes physical, psychological, and social attributes, which can be influenced by the individual’s attitudes, habits, beliefs, and ideas

Question 2

self-consciousness

Answer 2

awareness of one’s self

Question 3

self-schemas

Answer 3

beliefs and ideas people have about themselves

Question 4

personal identity

Answer 4

one’s own sense of personal attributes

Question 5

social identity

Answer 5

social definitions of who you are, including race, religion, gender, occupation

Question 6

self-reference effect

Answer 6

tendency to better remember information relevant to ourselves

Question 7

Carl Rogers

Answer 7

founder of the humanistic psychology perspective; unique approach to understanding personality and human relationships; personality composed of the ideal self & real self

Question 8

ideal self

Answer 8

constructed out of your life experiences, societal expectations, and the things you admire about role models; person you ought to be; result is a positive self-concept

Question 9

real self

Answer 9

personal you actually are; result is a positive self-concept

Question 10

incongruity

Answer 10

emotional result when the real self falls short of the ideal self

Question 11

self-efficacy

Answer 11

belief in one’s own competence and effectiveness; how capable we believe we are of doing things

Question 12

locus of control

Answer 12

can be internal or external

Question 13

internal locus of control

Answer 13

believe they are able to influence outcomes through their own efforts and actions

Question 14

external locus of control

Answer 14

perceive outcomes as controlled by outside forces

Question 15

learned helplessness

Answer 15

condition where one has learned to behave helplessly, failing to respond even though there are opportunities to avoid unpleasant circumstances or gain positive rewards

Question 16

self-esteem

Answer 16

one’s overall self-evaluation of one’s self-worth

Question 17

identity formation/individuation

Answer 17

development of a distinct individual personality

Question 18

Charles Cooley

Answer 18

posited the idea of the looking-glass self

Question 19

looking-glass self

Answer 19

idea that a person’s sense of self develops from interpersonal interactions with others in society and the perceptions of others; people shape their self-concepts based on their understanding of how others perceive them; begins at an early age and continues throughout life; we never stop modifying it unless all social interactions cease

Question 20

George Herbert Mead

Answer 20

developed idea of social behaviorism

Question 21

social behaviorism

Answer 21

the mind and self emerge through the process of communicating with others

Question 22

generalized other

Answer 22

the common behavioral expectations of general society

Question 23

socialization

Answer 23

process through which people learn to be proficient and functional members of society; lifelong, sociological process where people learn the attitudes, values, and beliefs that are reinforced by a particular culture; allows a culture to pass on its values from one generation to the next

Question 24

feral children

Answer 24

children are individuals who not raised with human contact of care, and a large part of our understanding about the importance of socialization is derived from what has been learned about their experiences and the terrible consequences of growing up without proper human care and contact

Question 25

Kohlberg’s stages of moral development

Answer 25

six identifiable developmental stages of moral reasoning, which form the basis of ethical behavior; 3 levels with 2 stages each; stages cannot be skipped; each stage provides a new and necessary moral perspective, and the understanding from each stage is retained and integrated at later stages

Question 26

Level 1

Answer 26

Stage 1: obedience and punishment orientation
Stage 2: self-interest orientation

Question 27

Level 2

Answer 27

Stage 3: interpersonal accord and conformity
Stage 4: authority and social-order maintaining orientation

Question 28

Level 3

Answer 28

Stage 5: social contract orientation
Stage 6: universal ethical principles

Question 29

reference group

Answer 29

group to which an individual or another group is compared; used in order to evaluate and determine the nature of a given individual or other group’s characteristics and sociological attributes

Question 30

role-taking

Answer 30

notion that one of the most important factors in facilitating social cognition in children is the growing ability to understand others’ feelings and perspectives, an ability that emerges as a result of general cognitive growth; requires that children come to realize that others’ views may differ from their own; understanding the cognitive and affective (i.e. relating to moods, emotions, and attitudes) aspects of another person’s point of view

Question 31

Mead’s Model of the Development of the Self

Answer 31

Preparatory Stage—”imitation”: In the first year of life, the person engages in meaningless imitation. There is a lack of symbolic understanding in a sophisticated way.

Play Stage—”taking the role of the other”: Person plays one role at a time of a single actor. Significant others are important models for conduct.

Game Stage—”generalized other”: Taking the role of several others simultaneously. The child responds to the expectations of several others at one time. They put them into a composite role, the generalized other, which is the group perspective. It is the standpoint from which one views oneself.

Question 32

Mead’s Model of the Parts of the Process of Self

Answer 32

I: represents the impulsive, spontaneous, creative, active aspect of the person.

Me: The regulatory part of the self. It is the internalized social order. Meanings that are common to the group become part of the self.

Mind: implies the ability to solve problems and to think. The mind is a process, not an organ.

Society: Proceeds the processes of mind and self and is ongoing and shapes these processes. Society represents the generalized other that constitutes the me phase of the self. Society is “in” the individual. In Mead’s view, society and the individual can not be separated.