Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology/Sociology MCAT > 6B Attention and Cognition > Flashcards

6B Attention and Cognition Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
MCAT flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Selective Attention

A

Ability to focus on one stimulus and ignore others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Divided Attention

A

Concentrating on more than one activity at the same time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Information Processing Model

A

Info from environment —-> short term memory —-> long term memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Piaget’s Stages of cognitive development

A

sensorimotor
preoperational
concrete operational
formal operational

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Sensorimotor

A

0-2
explore world with senses and movement
struggle with object permanence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Preoperational

A

2-6
Use words/images to represent things
struggle with: egocentrism and language development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Concrete Operational

A

7-11
understand events/analogies;
perform math/logic
struggle with: math, conservation, transformation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Formal Operational

A

12+
abstract reasoning
struggle with: moral reasoning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

as you age you improve your _________________, stay stable with _____________, and you decline in your ________________

A

semantic memory, crystallized IQ, emotional reasoning

implicit memory and recognition

recall, episodic memory, processing speed, and divided attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

individuals thoughts and behaviors can be influenced by their

A

culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

mental set

A

a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

functional fixedness

A

the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving

opposite of thinking outside the box

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

bias

A

inclination/prejudice toward something

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

anchoring bias

A

a tendency to fixate on initial information, from which one then fails to adequately adjust for subsequent information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

confirmation bias

A

a tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

hindsight bias

A

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

heuristic

A

mental shortcut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

representation heuristic

A

faulty way of thinking where you stereotype someone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

availability heuristic

A

making a decision based on the answer that most easily comes to mind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

trial and error

A

A problem-solving strategy that involves attempting different solutions and eliminating those that do not work.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Algorithmic Thinking

A

The process of solving problems using a series of steps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Belief perseverance

A

continue to hold belief despite evidence against it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Groupthink

A

A situation in which group members seek unanimous agreement despite their individual doubts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

intellectual functioning

A

how one learns from experience and employs information from their environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Spearman’s general intelligence (g factor)

A

one form that encompasses all cognitive processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

crystallized intelligence

A

ability to use knowledge previously acquired in life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

fluid intelligence

A

use problem solving and knowledge to solve novel problems with no prior knowledge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory

A

analytical, creative, practical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

multiple intelligence theory

A

Gardner’s theory of intellect, based on the view that people possess at least eight types of intelligence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Gardner’s 8 intelligences

A

linguistic
logical-mathematical
musical
spatial
bodily-kinesthetic
intrapersonal
interpersonal
naturalist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Variations in intellectual ability can be attributed to

A

environment, genetics, and education

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

alertness

A

ability to pay attention to stimuli around us

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

sleep

A

state marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest that occur during wakefulness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

stages of sleep

A
  1. Lightest Sleep (NREM) - low alpha waves
  2. Slightly Deeper Sleep (NREM) - theta waves
  3. Deeper Sleep (NREM) - delta waves
  4. REM - dreaming, partial paralysis, alpha/beta waves that resemble being awake
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

circadian rhythm

A

biological clocks making us sleepy/hungry at certain times

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

circadian rhythm is regulated by ___________ released from the __________ during ____________

A

melatonin
pineal gland
low light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Freud theory of dreams

A

unconscious thoughts and desires that need to be interpreted, little scientific support

manifest content= what actually happens in the dream
latent content= hidden meaning of the dream, interpretation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Jung’s theory of dreams

A

common archetypes of dreams have similar meanings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

activation-synthesis theory of dreams

A

dreams occur because the cortex takes the haphazard activity that occurs during REM sleep plus whatever stimuli strike the sense organs and does its best to make sense of this activity

no deep meaning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

declaritive memory

A

memory of knowledge that can be called forth consciously as needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

procedural memory

A

the gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice, or “knowing how” to do things

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Dyssomnias

A

affect amount, quality, or timing of sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Parasomnias

A

Abnormal behaviors during sleep.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

insomnia

A

inability to fall or stay asleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

sleep apnea

A

a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

narcolepsy

A

A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

sleep terrors

A

frightening dreamlike experiences that occur during the deepest stage of non-REM sleep resulting in behavioral manifestations of fear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

hypnosis

A

induced trance state where someone is highly suggestible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

meditation

A

training the mind to reach a state of relaxation or altered conscious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

depressants

A

drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Alcohol

A

decrease anxiety
use GABA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Barbiturates

A

phenobarbital
decrease anxiety - use GABA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

Xanax
decrease anxiety - use GABA

54
Q

opioids

A

depressant
use opioid receptors

55
Q

Cannabinoids

A

depressant
use cannabinoid receptors

56
Q

stimulant

A

A drug that increases the action of the central nervous system, the heart, and other organs

facilitate norepinephrine and dopamine

boost endurance, counteract fatigue, relieve anxiety

57
Q

Amphetamines

A

Adderall, meth, sudafed (the decongestant)

58
Q

MDMA (ecstasy)

A

primarily effects seratonin

59
Q

Norepinephrine Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitor (NDRI)

A

treat depression and impact mood and energy

60
Q

cocaine

A

hyperactivity (NE) and euphoria (dopamine)

61
Q

caffeine

A

stimulant

62
Q

nicotine

A

stimulant

63
Q

Opioids are derived from

A

opium poppy

64
Q

opioids work on __________________ to decrease pain by decreasing _______________

A

opiate receptors
dopamine reuptake

65
Q

examples of opioids

A

heroin
morphine
methadone/suboxadone (treat heroin withdrawls)
oxycodone
hydrocodone
codeine

66
Q

Hallucinogens

A

alter perception, sensation, cognition, mood, w/ little effect on memory

67
Q

Hallucinogens change perception of _________________ and do not perceive ________________

A

existing stimuli
non-existing stimuli

68
Q

example of hallucinogens

A

Psilocybin - found in mushrooms

69
Q

dissocatives cause you to

A

dissociate from surroundings and be insensitive to temperature and pain

70
Q

dissociatives block ____________ for ________-

A

NDMA
glutamate

71
Q

dissociatives can lead to

A

anxiety, aggression, amnesia, and psychosis

72
Q

examples of dissociatives

A

Ketamine and PCP

73
Q

drug addiction and reward pathway

A

The brain has a natural reward mechanism (the
mesolimbic dopamine reward pathway).

74
Q

addiction

A

someone is reliant on a substance to a dangerous extent

75
Q

physiological dependence

A

a condition in which the user has a chemical need for a drug because it does not need to make it since it is getting it synthetically

76
Q

tolerance

A

body adapts to substance and needs larger amounts to produce the effect

77
Q

withdrawal

A

the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug

78
Q

nucleus accumbens

A

a subcortical structure that participates in reward and addiction

79
Q

encoding

A

turning sensory information into memory

80
Q

visual encoding

A

the encoding of picture images

81
Q

elaborative encoding

A

process of actively relating new info to knowledge that is already in memory

82
Q

acoustic encoding

A

encoding of sound

83
Q

semantic encoding

A

associating certain words/phrases with a stimulus

84
Q

process of encoding

A

memories are a group of neurons that fire together in a process called long-term potentation

85
Q

mneumonic

A

A device, such as an acronym, used as an aid in remembering.

86
Q

chunking

A

organizing items into familiar, manageable units

87
Q

state-dependent learning

A

learning that becomes associated with the conditions under which it occurred, so that it is best remembered under the same conditions

88
Q

sensory memory

A

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

89
Q

working memory

A

a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory

90
Q

short-term memory

A

activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten

91
Q

long-term memory

A

the relatively permanent storage of information

92
Q

long term memory divisions

A

explicit and implicit

93
Q

explicit memory

A

episodic and semantic

94
Q

implicit memory

A

procedural and emotional conditioning

95
Q

semantic network

A

consists of nodes representing concepts, joined together by pathways that link related concepts

96
Q

spreading activation

A

Occurs when one item brought into working memory triggers an activation of related memory

97
Q

recall

A

retrieve previously learned info

98
Q

recognition

A

identify previously learned info

99
Q

relearning

A

-easier to rememorize things the second time you are exposed to them

100
Q

retrieval cues

A

stimuli that aid the recall or recognition of information stored in memory

101
Q

limbic system structures

A

hypothalamus
thalamus
hippocampus
amygdala
basal ganglia
cingulate gyrus

102
Q

limbic system deal with

A

emotions
learning
memory formation

103
Q

Amygdala

A

fear center
also plays a role in other emotions and memory consolidation

104
Q

serial recall

A

reproducing information from memory in the order in which it was learned

105
Q

primacy effect

A

tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list especially well

106
Q

recency effect

A

tendency to remember words at the end of a list especially well

107
Q

cued recall

A

cues remind people of certain memories

108
Q

forgetting

A

the inability to retrieve memory from long-term storage

109
Q

transcience

A

general deterioration of memories with the passage of time

110
Q

Alzheimer’s

A

loss of memory due to large concentrations of beta-amyloid plaques

111
Q

parkinsons

A

loss of dopaminergic neurons results in tremors and loss of muscle control

112
Q

Korsakoff’s syndrome

A

Vitamin B deficiency

an alcohol related disorder marked by extreme confusion and memory impairment

113
Q

neurodegenerative

A

a disease, process, or condition that leads to deterioration of normal cells or function of the nervous system

114
Q

dementia

A

a slowly progressive decline in mental abilities, including memory, thinking, and judgment, that is often accompanied by personality changes

115
Q

decay theory

A

memories fade with time if not recalled

116
Q

interference

A

interaction between new memories and old memories

117
Q

proactive interference

A

the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

118
Q

retroactive interference

A

the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old info

119
Q

source monitoring

A

an unconscious mental test that humans perform in order to determine if a memory is “real” and accurate as opposed to being from a source like a dream or a movie

120
Q

neural plasticity

A

the ability of the brain to change in response to experience

121
Q

synaptic pruning

A

a process whereby the synaptic connections in the brain that are used are preserved, and those that are not used are lost

programmed neuronal death during development

122
Q

learning theory

A

BF skinner says language is learned through operant conditioning

123
Q

nativist theory

A

humans have an innate ability to learn language

124
Q

Interactionist Theory

A

vygotsky believed that language is acquired by interacting with others

125
Q

schema

A

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

126
Q

linguistic determinism

A

Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think

127
Q

Broca’s area

A

speech production

128
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

can’t produce language but can understand it

129
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

language comprehension

130
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

can speak but cannot comprehend meaning

Psychology/Sociology MCAT (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions