9.5 Flashcards
Calls for REFORM and RESPONSES after 1900
What social effect did globalization have?
It started a global dialogue about pre-established assumptions about gender, race, social classes, and religion, and led to various efforts to protect or help oppressed groups.
-Universal Declaration of Human Rights
- United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF)
- 1st world conference on women hosted by the United Nations in 1975
- Women’s Bill of Rights, proposed during a convention on the elimination of women’s oppression in 1979
What is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?
A document describing the basic global human rights. It sought to protect previously oppressed groups like women, children, and refugees. Created in 1948 by the United Nations.
What is the international Women’s Bill of Rights?
It’s a document proposed but not officially established in 1979, in which several things were listed as fundamental women’s rights:
- birth control
- women’s suffrage
- education equality
- the right to choose one’s own spouse
Explain the progression of women’s suffrage from 1900-present in various specific countries.
USA: white women gained suffrage in 1920s, black women gained it in 1965 with the Voting Rights Act of 1965
Brazil: women gained suffrage in 1932
Turkey: women gained suffrage in 1934
Japan: women gained suffrage in 1945
India: women gained suffrage in 1945
Morocco: women gained suffrage in 1963
What was the Negritude movement?
It was a French West African movement that celebrated black culture and led to the flowering of black poetry, art, and music.
Explain the Liberation Theology.
The Liberation Theology became popular in Latin America between 1900-present.
It said that Jesus supports the poor and opposes the rich and the powerful, and that therefore Christianity should work towards freeing oppressed people economically, socially, and politically.
Explain the process of South Africa’s liberation process from apartheid, and how it was a global call for racial equality in 1900-present
In 1948, apartheid was officially established, in which privileges were granted only to the white minority population.
Nelson Mandela, the leader of the African National Congress, sought to abolish apartheid and got arrested for his efforts. His imprisonment was made known globally, and global powers voiced disapproval of apartheid.
This led to massive economic sanctions being imposed on South Africa, and it being expelled from the United Nations in 1974.
Apartheid ended in 1990s, Mandela was released from prison, and the first free election was held in 1994, when Mandela was elected as president.
Give some examples of calls for equality in 1900-present. List form, no detail.
- the abolition of apartheid in South Africa
- establishment of the Caste Reservation System in India
- Tiananmen Square Protest
- proposal of the Women’s Bill of Rights
- Universal Declaration of Human Rights
- World Fair Trade Organization
Explain the establishment of the Caste Reservation System.
India was a majority population of Hindus, so it was continually socially divided by Caste. Social inequality was staunch in the lowest Caste, the Dalit.
-1949: discrimination against Dalit constitutionally banned, the Caste Reservation System established
*the system reserves a portion of jobs and higher education opportunities for Dalit
What is the lowest Caste in India?
The Dalit
What was the Tiananmen Square Massacre? What led to it?
The Tiananmen Square Massacre was a massive uprising by the Chinese population in 1989 that lasted 7 weeks and was brutally fought and ended by the Chinese military.
It’s origins began because the Chinese Communist Party was in power during the 20th century, and violated human rights. Their 1980-1990s economic reform weren’t matched with social reforms and in 1989 discontent by citizens culminated in the Tiananmen Square Massacre in Beijing, in which pro-democracy activists called for social reforms such as freedom of speech and freedom of the press. The government had declined these reforms, leading to nationwide protest. The Chinese military attacked unarmed protesters as it continued, and the Chinese government attempted to erase and censor news coverage of the protests.
Explain the condition of Uighurs in China.
Uighurs are a Muslim minority in the majority Han Chinese population of China, and are often discriminated against. They’re very often gathered against their will into re-education camps (essentially concentration camps).
Give examples and explain environmental movements from 1900-present.
Greenpeace (1971)
- opposed practiced causing global warming, deforestation, desertification
Green Belt Movement (1977)
- founded by Wangari Maathai in Kenya, which had been environmentally destroyed and a severe victim of desertification partially caused by previous colonization practices
- plants trees
- collects rainwater for drinking water and irrigation
- revives soil
Why did environmental movements develop?
Environmental movements developed as a response to the increased pollution as a result of the globalized economy and the practices that maintained it.
While northern countries benefited from this globalization, southern and poorer countries tended to be the subjects of pollution as a result.
This is largely because poorer countries don’t have emission restrictions like more developed countries do, leading manufacturing centers to be re-located there, leading to increased pollution, and the problems of dirty air and water.
Give an example of an economic inequality movement from 1900-present.
World Fair Trade Organization (1989)
All the members agree to the following:
- Fair Trade practices
- good working conditions
- respect for the environment
- non-discriminatory gender and racial conduct
