8.7

Question 1

Explain India’s resistance to major power structures from 1900-present.

Answer 1

• Mohandas Gandhi led Indian National Congress through civil disobedience
  *Homespun Movement
  *Salt March

Question 2

Explain the Homespun Movement

Answer 2

The US Civil War caused a cotton shortage, and was previously the major exporter of cotton to Britain. This led Britain to look towards Egypt and its Indian colony for cotton production instead, and geared its economy towards producing raw goods.

Britain would buy cotton cheaply from India, make textiles in British factories, then sell the textiles at inflated prices back to India.

The Homespun Movement boycotted foreign fabrics and encouraged spinning one’s own textiles instead. Led by Gandhi against the British colonial government, as a form of civil disobedience.

Question 3

Explain the Salt March

Answer 3

The Salt March was a peaceful show of Indian protest against the British colonial government, led by Mohandas Gandhi.

The British had made it illegal for Indians to harvest their plentiful natural sources of salt along the shore of the Indian ocean, so in the 1930s they organized a massive march to the sea and harvested their own salt. Gandhi and others were arrested.

Question 4

Explain resistance to major power structures in the US from 1900-present.

Answer 4

• abolition of slavery 1865, but discrimination and violence towards the black community continued
  *lynching
  *sharecropping
  *Ku Klux Klan
• Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s-1960s: Martin Luther King Jr.
  *inspired by Gandhi’s philosophy of nonviolence and civil disobedience
  *Montgomery bus boycott
  *sit ins
  *marches - March on Washington
• won supreme court decisions
  *Brown v. Board of Education (integrated public schools)
  *desegregated public transportation
  *legislative victories
  **Civil Rights Act of 1964 (illegalized racial discrimination)
  **Voting Rights Act of 1965 (illegalized racial discrimination at voting booths)

Question 5

Explain resistance to major power structures in South Africa.

Answer 5

• Nelson Mandela led efforts to resist apartheid, initially violently, then peacefully
• Mandela arrested and jailed for life; the news of this spread globally and launched a global movement to end apartheid
• apartheid ended in 1994
  *Mandela released from prison, elected as South Africa’s president

Question 6

Explain government efforts to defeat resistance in Spain.

Answer 6

• Francisco Franco in power in 1939; he led the overthrow of the popularly elected government
  *anti-communist
  *challenges to power (including peaceful people) executed, imprisoned, or sent to labor camps

Question 7

Explain government effort to defeat resistance in Uganda.

Answer 7

Uganda was led by Idi Amin from 1971-1979, nicknamed the Butcher of Uganda and a military dictator with brutal policies. He appointed himself as president for life, denied human rights, and anyone who resisted was killed or exiled.
- about 500,000 Ugandans dead, and increased ethnic tensions

Question 8

What caused the rise of military industrial complexes? Why are they significant?

Answer 8

Fear/uncertainty, esp. during the Cold War, led states like the USSR and the US to develop their militaries and increase in military spending.
This meant that there was an increased number of people relying on that spending for employment.

President Eisenhower warned against it, because he believed it may grow so powerful so as to challenge democracy.
If someone in office decided to spend less on the military, large amounts of people would lose jobs.

Question 9

Explain the violent reactions to government in Peru.

Answer 9

1970s: Abimael Guzman created the Shining Path organization, with the goal to overthrow the Peruvian government in favor of a communist government. He was inspired by Mao Zedong and Khmer Rouge.
- 1980s: committed terrorist acts
*assassinations
*bombings
*37,000 Peruvians dead
- 1992: Guzman was captured and the organization was dissolved

Question 10

Explain the violent reactions to government in Arab countries.

Answer 10

Al Qaeda was a terrorist group led by Saudi billionaire Osama Bin Laden. They attacked western countries, tried to attack the “oppressive” policies of the west, esp. the USA,
- Sep 11th, 2001
*hijacked four planes, flew two into the World Trade Center towers in NYC, another into the Pentagon in Virginia