5.5

Question 1

1st Industrial Revolution

Answer 1

steam, iron, textiles
Mid-18th century to mid-19th century
Mostly confined to Great Britain
Suez Canal in 1869

Question 2

2nd Industrial Revolution

Answer 2

steel, gas, communication
Mid-19th century to early 20th century
U.S., Great Britain, Germany

Question 3

1st Industrial Revolution inventions

Answer 3

James Watt - steam engine, used coal to boil water, meant that factories could now be built anywhere
Steamships, replaced or aided sails, meant easier, faster, and increased trade
Locomotives - railroads, more jobs
- Russia: Trans-Siberian railroad from Moscow to the Pacific coast greatly increased trade with eastern nations (esp. China)
- U.S.: Trans-Continental Railroad = huge trade increase across country and mass immigration from east to west and vice versa

Question 4

2nd Industrial Revolution inventions

Answer 4

Bessemer process: a new process of refining steel more efficiently led to the mass production of steel that was stronger than iron. Because of the Bessemer process, steel became cheaper to produce and became the favored building material for bridges, railroads, ships.
Gas: oil being separated into gas and kerosene, kerosene used to light lamps
Internal combustion engine: used gas
Advancements in chemical engineering:
-Synthetic dyes for textiles that were cheaper than their natural alternatives
- the process of vulcanization made rubber harder, more durable for the production of machine belts (and later on, tires for automobiles)
Electricity:
- harnessed to power light bulbs by Thomas Edison
- complex societies could build electric subways/streetcars for mass public transit
- the telegraph which led to Morse code (1837) and had wire laid between Britain and the U.S. across the Atlantic for communication = more rapid development of their economies
- the telephone (1876)

Question 5

Who invented the telegraph?

Answer 5

Samuel Morse in 1837

Question 6

Who invented the telephone?

Answer 6

Alexander Graham Bell in 1876

Question 7

Suez Canal

Answer 7

Created in 1869, shortened the distance between Europe and Asia significantly. Led to an increase in steamships and trade expansion.

Question 8

Internal combustion engine

Answer 8

Smaller and more efficient than the steam engine, ran on oil. Later used to power the automobile.

Question 9

Effects of new technology

Answer 9

1) Interior regions
- previously, the most economically active and prosperous/developed cities and centers were on coastlines because of the interaction that happened there. Now, because of railroads, the telegraph, and steam engine powered factories, these developed places started to appear inland.
2) Increased economic globalization: global trade increased tenfold between 1850 and 1913

Question 10

Why did ~20 percent of Europe’s population migrate to America, South Africa, and Australia?

Answer 10

Famines and political instability during the late 19th century