9.3 Stages of Development

Question 1

Conception

Answer 1

when a sperm fertilizes an egg and forms a zygote

Question 2

zygote

Answer 2

structure created when a sperm and egg merge at conception; begins as a single cell and rapidly
divides to form the embryo and placenta

Question 3

mitosis

Answer 3

process of cell division

Question 4

embryo

Answer 4

multi-cellular organism in its early stages of development

Question 5

placenta

Answer 5

structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen to the developing
baby

Question 6

prenatal care

Answer 6

medical care during pregnancy that monitors the health of both the mother and the fetus

Question 7

teratogen

Answer 7

biological, chemical, or physical environmental agent that causes damage to the developing
embryo or fetus

Question 8

critical or sensitive

period

Answer 8

time during fetal growth when specific parts or organs develop

Question 9

newborn reflexes

Answer 9

inborn automatic response to a particular form of stimulation that all healthy babies
are born with

Question 10

Motor skills

Answer 10

ability to move our body and manipulate objects

Question 11

Fine motor skills

Answer 11

use of muscles in fingers, toes, and eyes to coordinate small actions

Question 12

Gross motor skills

Answer 12

use of large muscle groups to control arms and legs for large body movements

Question 13

Attachment

Answer 13

long-standing connection or bond with others

Question 14

secure base

Answer 14

parental presence that gives the infant/toddler a sense of safety as he explores his
surroundings

Question 15

secure attachment

Answer 15

characterized by the child using the parent as a secure base from which to explore

Question 16

avoidant attachment

Answer 16

characterized by child’s unresponsiveness to parent, does not use the parent as a
secure base, and does not care if parent leaves

Question 17

resistant attachment

Answer 17

characterized by the child’s tendency to show clingy behavior and rejection of the
parent when she attempts to interact with the child

Question 18

disorganized attachment

Answer 18

characterized by the child’s odd behavior when faced with the parent; type of
attachment seen most often with kids that are abused

Question 19

authoritative style

Answer 19

parents give children reasonable demands and consistent limits, express
warmth and affection, and listen to the child’s point of view

Question 20

authoritarian style

Answer 20

parents place a high value on conformity and obedience, are often rigid,
and express little warmth to the child

Question 21

permissive style

Answer 21

parents make few demands and rarely use punishment

Question 22

uninvolved style

Answer 22

parents are indifferent, uninvolved, and sometimes referred to as neglectful;
they don’t respond to the child’s needs and make relatively few demands

Question 23

Temperament

Answer 23

innate traits that influence how one thinks, behaves, and reacts with the environment

Question 24

Adolescence

Answer 24

period of development that begins at puberty and ends at early adulthood

Question 25

adrenarche

Answer 25

maturing of the adrenal glands

Question 26

gonadarche

Answer 26

maturing of the sex glands

Question 27

Primary sexual characteristics

Answer 27

organs specifically needed for reproduction

Question 28

Secondary sexual characteristics

Answer 28

physical signs of sexual maturation that do not directly involve sex organs

Question 29

menarche

Answer 29

beginning of menstrual period; around 12–13 years old

Question 30

spermarche

Answer 30

first male ejaculation

Question 31

Cognitive empathy

Answer 31

ability to take the perspective of others and to feel concern for others

Question 32

emerging adulthood

Answer 32

newly defined period of lifespan development from 18 years old to the mid-20s;
young people are taking longer to complete college, get a job, get married, and start a family

Question 33

socioemotional selectivity theory

Answer 33

social support/friendships dwindle in number, but remain as close, if not more close than in earlier years