Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Head and Neck > 9.2 The Nasal Cavity & Paranasal Air Sinuses > Flashcards

9.2 The Nasal Cavity & Paranasal Air Sinuses Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 functions of the nasal cavity?

A
  • Sense of smell
  • Resonating chamber for speech
  • Warms and humidifies air
  • Route for air into the lungs
  • Traps and filters particles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the structure of the nasal cavity?

A

Medial wall (nasal septum)
2 lateral walls
Roof
Floor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the entrance to the nose called? (nostrils)

A

Nares

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the region called where the nasopharynx opens into the oropharynx?

A

Choanae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 3 regions of the nasal cavity?

A

Vestibule- skin (stratified squamous keratinised epithelia)

Respiratory- pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Olfactory- sense of smell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What bones contribute to the roof of the nasal cavity?

A

Nasal
Frontal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What bones contribute to the floor of the nasal cavity?

A

Maxilla
Palatine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why are the lateral walls of the nasal cavity irregular?

A

Concha (turbinates) slow down air flow
Increase surface area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What bone makes up the superior and middle conchae?

A

Ethmoid bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How many meatuses are there in the nasal cavity and what do they do?

A

Superior, middle and inferior
Responsible for drainage, connections with paransal sinuses and nasolacrimal duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What happens to size of the conchae as you move downwards?

A

Become larger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does the medial wall of the nasal cavity consist of?

A

Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
Vomer bone
Septal cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How do you access the pituitary gland surgically?

A

Transphenoidal surgery, through the sphenoid sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a septal haematoma?

A

Trauma to cartilage causes the perichondrium to be stripped off

Blood then accumulates between the cartilage and periochondrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What can happen if a septal haematoma is not treated?

A

Can lead to avascular necrosis causing saddle nose deformity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do you treat a septal haematoma?

A

Blood accumulation needs to be drained and then packed to prevent further accumulation of blood between perichondrium and cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What cartilage is present on the nose?

A

Septal cartilage
Lateral
Major alar
Minor alar
Fibro-fatty tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What bones contribute to the lateral nose?

A

Maxilla
Nasal bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the 3 parts of the nose?

A

Bridge
Dorsum
Tip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How common are nasal bone fractures?

A

Account for 50% of all facial fractures, protrudes and not particularly strong

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is visible in a nasal bone fracture?

A

Lots of swelling
Epistaxis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How do you treat a nasal bone fracture?

A

X-rays generally not needed as doesn’t change treatment
Follow up in several days in outpatient once swelling has settled

Nose may need to be reset if there are breathing issues

Rare complications can result in CSF leak and anosmia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Why is there a rich blood supply to the nasal cavity?

A

Allows the nose to humidify and warm incoming air

24
Q

What is the most common site of epistaxis?

A

Kiesselbach’s area/Littles
All of the blood vessels join at this area

25
Q

What are the blood vessels supplying the nasal cavity?

A

Anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries- branches of the opthalmic artery ICA branch 1

Sphenopalatine artery
Greater palatine artery
(both branches of the maxillary artery, terminal branches of ECA)

Superior labial artery (septal branch)

26
Q

How do you approach a nose bleed?

A
  1. Get patient to lean forwards and hold nose for 10-15 minutes, should hopefully clot if its an anterior bleed
  2. Next try cauterising the bleed using silver nitrate strips
  3. Try anterior packing of the nose
  4. Finally try posterior packing of the nose
  5. Call ENT may need surgery to repair especially if posterior bleed
27
Q

What vessel is responsible for posterior nose bleeds?

A

Sphenopalatine artery, difficulty to stop have to try posterior packing, may have blood drip down into mouth

28
Q

What is responsible for anterior nose bleeds?

A

Little’s/ Kiesselbach’s area

29
Q

What is the sensory nerve supply to the nasal cavity?

A

Trigemnial nerve, opthalmic and maxillary branch

30
Q

What are nasal polyps?

A

Benign swellings of the nasal mucosa

31
Q

Who is affected by nasal polyps?

A

M:F 2:1
40< year olds
In children suggestive of cystic fibrosis
Normally bilateral

32
Q

What do patients with nasal polyps experience?

A

Nasal congestion
Rhinorrhea- runny nose
Hypo- or anosmia
Snoring
Post nasal drip, causing a cough

33
Q

What are red flags of nasal polyps?

A

Unilateral polyp
Bloody discharge

May be indicative of nasal cancer

34
Q

How do you treat nasal polyps?

A

Intranasal steroids

35
Q

What is rhinitis?

A

Inflammation of the nasal mucosa

36
Q

What are the two causes of rhinitis?

A

Infective- usually viral, use pain management and nasal sprays

Allergic- hayfever, animal hair etc.
use antihistamines

37
Q

What are the symptoms of rhinitis?

A

Nasal congestion
Rhinorrhea
Sneezing
Post-nasal drip
Nasal irritation

38
Q

What is a common cause of unilateral bloody discharge from the nose in a child?

A

Foreign body

39
Q

What are paranasal air sinuses?

A

Air-filled spaces that are extensions of nasal cavity

Drain into meatuses via small channels (ostia)

40
Q

What epithelium lines the paranasal sinuses?

A

Extension of nasal cavity, therefore respiratory mucosa, thus ciliated and secrete mucous

41
Q

Why do infections of the nasal cavity affect the sinuses?

A

Sinuses are connected to the nasal cavity therefore can be involved, leading to sinusitis

Maxillary sinus is the most common sinus as the ostia are high up therefore mucous cannot drain easily and it becomes stagnant

42
Q

What do paranasal air sinuses do?

A

Humidify and warm inspired air
Reduce weight of the skull

43
Q

What are the different paranasal air sinuses?

A

Frontal sinus
Ethmoid sinus
Maxillary sinus
Sphenoid sinus

44
Q

What sinuses drain into the middle meatus?

A

Frontal
Maxillary
Anterior ethmoid

45
Q

What sinuses drain into the inferior meatus?

A

Nasolacrimal duct- tears

46
Q

What sinus drains into the roof?

A

Sphenoid sinus

47
Q

What sinuses recieve general sensory innervation from CNVa?

A

Frontal
Ethmoidal
Sphenoidal

48
Q

What sinuses recieve general sensory innervation from CNVb?

A

Maxillary

49
Q

Label the image

A
50
Q

Paranasal air sinus image

A
51
Q

What is acute sinusitis?

A

Inflammation of paranasal air sinuses caused by URTI

52
Q

What is the pathophysiology of acute sinusitis?

A

Inflammation of respiratory mucosa causes swelling, reduced cilia movement and increased secretions

Ostia become blocked , sinus cannot drain mucous builds up in sinus causing increased pressure and pain

Can develop secondary bacterial infection

53
Q

How long does sinusitis have to be to be acute?

A

Less than 4 weeks, normally resolves within 10 days

54
Q

What is clinical diagnosis of acute sinusitis based on?

A

Recent URTI
Blocked nose and rhinorrhoea, may have green or yellow discharge
Pyrexia
Headache/ facial pain, in area of affected sinus, worse on leaning forward

55
Q

How is acute sinusitis managed?

A

Conservatively, mostly viral cause, use painkillers etc.

0.5-2% may develop bacterial sinusitis

56
Q

When is acute bacterial sinusitis the more likely diagnosis?

A

Symptoms particularly severe at onset
Symptoms lasts longer than 10 days, but less than 4 weeks
Symptoms that worsen after initial improvement, suggesting secondary bacterial infection

57
Q

What bacteria cause bacterial sinusitis?

A

Steptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae
Moraxella catarrhalis

Head and Neck (51 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions