9.1 Types of Learning Part 2 Flashcards
What is operant conditioning?
uses reinforcement and punishment to mold behavior
What is reinforcement?
anything that will increase the likelihood that a preceding behavior will be repeated
What is positive reinforcement?
some sort of desirable stimulus that occurs immediately following a behavior
What is negative reinforcement?
some sort of undesirable stimulus that is removed immediately following a behavior
What are primary reinforcers?
unconditioned consequences that are innately satisfying or desirable; may be biologically driven
What are secondary reinforcers?
conditioned reinforcers that are learned through their relationships with primary reinforcers
What are the two types of schedules for operant conditioning?
continuous schedule
intermittent schedule
What are the four intermittent reinforcement schedules?
- fixed-ratio schedule
- variable-ratio schedule
- fixed-interval schedule
- variable-interval schedule
What is a fixed-ratio intermittent schedule?
provides reinforcement after a set number of instances of the behavior
What is a variable-ratio intermittent schedule?
provides reinforcement after an unpredictable number of occurrences
What is a fixed-interval intermittent schedule?
provides the reinforcement after a set period of time that is constant
What is a variable-interval intermittent schedule?
provides the reinforcement after an inconsistent amount of time
What is shaping in relation to operant conditioning?
process of reinforcing intermediate, proximal behaviors until a final, desired behavior is achieved
What is punishment?
process by which a behavior is followed by a consequence that decreases the likelihood that behavior will be repeated
What is a positive punishment?
application, or pairing, of an undesirable stimulus with the behavior
