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Semester 4- Reproduction > 9.1 Fetal Physiology > Flashcards

9.1 Fetal Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Who’s pO2 is higher, the mother or fetus?

A

Mother

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2
Q

How does the fetus lower its pO2?

A

Uses fetal haemoglobin

Increased haematocrit

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3
Q

What is fetal haemoglobin made up of?

A

2 a subunits

2 y subunits

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4
Q

Why does fetal haemoglobin have a greater affinity for oxygen?

A

Binds less efficiently to 2,3-DPG

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5
Q

What is the Double-Bohr Effect?

A

CO2 moves into intervillous blood and the pH decreases which decreases the affinity of maternal Hb for O2.
O2 dissociates
In the fetus, CO2 is lost so the pH increases. The fetal Hb then has a higher affinity for O2

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6
Q

Name the 3 circulatory shifts in the fetus

A

Ductus venosus
Ductus arteriosus
Foramen ovale

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7
Q

What is the function of the ductus venosus?

A

Connects umbilical vein to the IVC

Shunts blood around the liver

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8
Q

What does the ductus venosus become in the adult?

A

Ligamentum venosum

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9
Q

What is the function of the foramen ovale?

A

Shunts blood around the lungs

Right atrium is connected to the left atrium

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10
Q

What is the foramen ovale known as after birth?

A

Fossa ovalis

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11
Q

What is the function of the ductus arteriosus?

A

Shunts blood from the right ventricle to the aorta

Any blood that enters the pulmonary trunk is moved back to the main circulation

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12
Q

What does the ductus arteriosus become after birth?

A

Ligamentum arteriosum

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13
Q

How does a fetus cope with transient hypoxia?

A

Directs blood to heart and brain

Fetal heart rate slows to reduce demand

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14
Q

What does chronic hypoxia to a fetus result in?

A

Reduced growth and behavioural changes

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15
Q

Which two hormones promote fetal growth?

A

IGF I and IGF II

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16
Q

Why can malnutrition of the mother affect the fetus?

A

IGF II used in T2 and T3 is nutrient dependent

17
Q

What is the function of amniotic fluid?

A

Protection

Aids development of lungs

18
Q

Where does amniotic fluid come from?

A

Fetal urine, swallowed and recycled through pregnancy

19
Q

What happens to material in the amniotic fluid that is not recylced?

A

Accumulates in the GI tract as the meconium

20
Q

What is amniocentesis?

A

Sampling amniotic fluid to collect fetal cells

21
Q

What is amniotic fluid made up of?

A

Water, electrolytes, creatinine, urea, hormones, fetal cells, glucose, bile pigments

22
Q

Why can physiological jaundice occur in a newborn?

A

Immature liver cannot conjugate bilirubin. During pregnancy, bilirubin is returned to the mother via the placenta.

Semester 4- Reproduction (17 decks)

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