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Semester 4- Reproduction > 12.1 Gynecological Tumours > Flashcards

12.1 Gynecological Tumours Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cause of the majority of cervical cancers?

A

High risk HPVs

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2
Q

How does HPV cause cancer?

A

HPV produces viral proteins E6 and E7 which interfere with the activity of the tumour suppressor proteins to cause inability to repair damaged DNA and increased proliferation of cells

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3
Q

What are the risk factors of cervical cancer?

A 
Sexual intercourse
Early first pregnancy
Multiple births
Multiple partners 
Smoking
Long term OCP
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4
Q

Give 3 reasons why the UK screens for cervical cancer

A

Cervix is easily accessible to visual examination and sampling
Has an early detectable stage
Can be cured
Improves prognosis

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5
Q

What is Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN)?

A

Dysplasia of squamous cells within the cervical epithelium

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6
Q

Where does cervical carcinoma often spread to?

A 
Bladder
Ureters
Rectum 
Vagina 
Lymph nodes
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7
Q

How may cervical cancer present?

A

Screening abnormality

Post-coital, intermenstrual or post-menopausal bleeding

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8
Q

How can cervical cancer be treated?

A 
Cervical cone excision 
Hysterectomy 
Lymph node dissection 
Radiation 
Chemotherapy
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9
Q

What is endometrial hyperplasia?

A

Increased gland to stroma ratio

Frequent precursor to endometrial carcinoma

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10
Q

What is endometrioid endometrial carcinoma?

A

Invasive cancers which mimics proliferative glands

Spreads to adjacent structures and local lymph nodes

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11
Q

What is serous endometrial carcinoma?

A

Poorly differentiated cancer of the endometrium. Travels through the fallopian tubes to implant on the peritoneal surfaces.

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12
Q

What is a leiomyoma of the myometrium?

A

Benign tumours of the myometrium (fibroids)

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13
Q

How may a women with leiomyoma of the myometrium present?

A

Heavy periods

Urinary frequency

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14
Q

What is a leiomyosarcoma of the myometrium?

A

Highly malignant cancer of the myometrium which metastasises to the lungs.

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15
Q

Why may an ovarian tumour present late?

A

Ovary has potential space to grow into before it causes symptoms. Normally has metastasised on presentation

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16
Q

How may a patient with an ovarian tumour present?

A 
Abdominal pain 
Distension 
Urinary + GI symptoms
Menstrual disturbances
Inappropriate sex hormones
17
Q

How is ovarian cancer tested for?

A

Test for serum CA-125

18
Q

Name the 3 types of Müllerian epithelium tumours of the ovary

A

Serous
Mucinous
Endometrioid

19
Q

What symptom is a serous Müllerian epithelium tumour associated with?

A

Asites- spreads to peritoneal surfaces

20
Q

What structures are present in an endometrioid müllerian epithelium tumour?

A

Tubular glands resembling endometrial glands

21
Q

What structures can a germ cell tumour of the ovary contain?

A

Hair, sebaceus material, teeth, bone

22
Q

What is a struma ovarii?

A

Germ cell tumour made of thyroid tissue

23
Q

Where are sex cord-stromal tumours derived from?

A

Ovarian stroma or the sex cord- theca cells, granulosa cells, leydig cells, sertoli cells

24
Q

What is a Krukenburg tumour?

A

Metastatic GI tumour within the ovaries

25
Q

What type of cancer affects the vulva?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

26
Q

What is gestational trophoblastic disease?

A

Tumours and tumour-like conditions which show proliferation of placental tissue

27
Q

What is a hydratiform mole?

A

Cystic swelling of chorionic villi and trophoblastic proliferation.

28
Q

What is an invasive mole with regards to gestational tumours?

A

Mole that penetrates or perforates the uterine wall.

29
Q

What is a gestational choriocarcinoma?

A

Malignant neoplasm of trophoblastic cells derived from previously normal or abnormal pregnancy. No villi are present.

Semester 4- Reproduction (17 decks)

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