9.1

Question 1

What was the Sinatra Doctrine?

Answer 1

Doctrine which stated that members of the Warsaw Pact could decide their changes to their own countries without expecting outside interference

Put in place by Mikhail Gorbachev

Question 2

When was the Sinatra Doctrine published?

Answer 2

October 1989

Question 3

What was the impact of ‘ideology’ on Soviet foreign affairs?

Answer 3

Gorbachhev’s ‘new thinking’ meant that ideology would play a much smaller role in Soviet foreign affairs

This meant that the Soviet Union would not favour trade with communist countries over capitalist countries

Question 4

What happened to Soviet troops in Eastern European countries?

Answer 4

Soviet troops were withdrawn from bases in Eastern Europe bases to save money

Question 5

What were Gorbachev’s intentions regarding communist control?

Answer 5

He had never intended to weaken communist rule of Eastern Europe

He wanted to strengthen communism by reform

Once reform started, he was unable to contain it

Question 6

What happened in Poland?

Answer 6

1988

• Strikes throughout country

1989

• Solidarity wins elections
• Mazowiecki become first non-communist Prime Minister in Eastern Europe

Question 7

What happened in East Germany?

Answer 7

4th Nov 1989

• 1 million people protest in East Berlin

9th November 1989

• Berlin wall is opened

3rd October 1990

• Germany reunified into one country

Question 8

What happened in Czechoslovakia?

Answer 8

24th November 1989

• Communist government resigns

9 December 1989

• Vaclav Havel becomes first non-communist President since 1948

1990

• Democratic election won by Civic Forum
  
  • Alliance of anti-communist groups

Question 9

What happened in Hungary?

Answer 9

1988

• Gorbachev accepts that Hungary can become a multi-party state

1989

• Hungary opens its borders with Austria

1990

• Democratic elections won by Democratic Forum
  
  • Alliance of anti-communist groups

Question 10

What happened in Romania?

Answer 10

16 December 1989

• Secret Police fire on demonstrators in Timisoara

21 December 1989

• Huge crowd in Bucharest boos President Ceausescu, who flees but is captured

22-24 December 1989

• Army joins rebellion and fights secret police; hundreds are killed

1990

• Democratic elections won by National Salvation Front; containing many ex-communists

Question 11

What happened in Bulgaria?

Answer 11

1990

• Democratic elections won by renamed Comunist Party

Question 12

Why were Hungary’s reform important?

Answer 12

They opened their border with Austria

There was now a hole in the Iron Curtain