1.1 Early Tension

Question 1

What countries were in the Grand Alliance?

Answer 1

<ul>
	<li>The Soviet Union</li>
	<li>Britain</li>
	<li>The USA</li>
</ul>

Question 2

<p>In what year was the Grand Alliance created?</p>

Answer 2

<p>1941</p>

Question 3

<p>When was the Tehran Conference?</p>

Answer 3

<p>The Tehran Conference was between November-December 1943</p>

Question 4

<p>What were the agreements regarding the warat the Tehran Conference?</p>

Answer 4

<ul><li>USA and Britain agreed to invade Europe from the West, through Nazi-occupied France. The Soviet Union agreed to invade from the East.</li><ul><li>This was known as opening a ‘second front’</li></ul><li>After the defeat of Germany, the Soviet Union would declare war on Japan</li></ul>

Question 5

<p>What were the agreements regarding the postwar world at the Tehran Conference?</p>

Answer 5

<ul><li>The Polish border would be moved westward, to fall along the Oder and Neisse rivers.</li><ul><li>Poland would gain territory from Germany and lose some to the Soviet Union</li></ul><li>An international organisation would be set up to settle disagreements between countries in future. This laid the ground for the United Nations Organisation (UN)</li></ul>

Question 6

<p>Who were the leaders atthe Tehran Conference?</p>

Answer 6

<ul>
	<li>Stalin (The Soviet Union)</li>
	<li>Roosevelt (The USA)</li>
	<li>Churchill (Britain)</li>
</ul>

Question 7

<p>When was the Yalta Conference?</p>

Answer 7

<p>The Yalta Conference was in February 1945</p>

Question 8

<p>Who were the leaders at the Yalta Conference?</p>

Answer 8

<ul>
	<li>Stalin (Soviet Union)</li>
	<li>Roosevelt (USA)</li>
	<li>Churchill (Britain)</li>
</ul>

Question 9

<p>What were the agreements about Germany in Yalta?</p>

Answer 9

<ul><li>At Yalta, the superpowers agreed on the Declaration of Liberated Europe. This was designed to aid peopleliberated from Nazi control</li><li>Germany would be forced to pay reparations (payments to the victors) after the war. Stalin, however, disagreed with the other powers as to the number of reparations<ul><li>Germany would be reduced in size, split up and demilitarised</li><li>Nazi war criminals would be tried after the war was over</li></ul></li></ul>

Question 10

<p>What were the agreements about Eastern Europe in Yalta?</p>

Answer 10

<ul><li>Future governments in Eastern Europe would be decided by free elections</li>Poland would fall under the ‘Soviet sphere of influence’, but would be run under a democratic government<ul><li>There was still some tension over Poland as the leaders had disputed the results of free elections there</li></ul></ul>

Question 11

<p>What were the International agreements in Yalta?</p>

Answer 11

<ul>
<li>The Soviets would declare war on Japan after Germany was defeated</li>
<li>The UN (United Nations) would be founded</li>
</ul>

Question 12

<p>When wasthe <strong>Potsdam Conference</strong>?</p>

Answer 12

<p>The Potsdam Conference was during July-August 1945</p>

Question 13

<p>Who were the leaders at the Potsdam conference?</p>

Answer 13

<ul><li>Stalin (Soviet Union)</li><li>Truman (USA)</li><li>Attlee (Britain)</li></ul>

Question 14

<p>What were the agreements about Germany at Potsdam?</p>

Answer 14

<ul><li>The Nazi Party was to be banned</li><li>War criminals were to be prosecuted (tried in court)</li><li>Germany was to be reduced in size and divided into four occupied zones, controlled by the USA, Britain, France and the Soviet Union</li><li>Berlin would also be divided along the same lines</li></ul>

Question 15

<p>When was the Long Telegram written?</p>

Answer 15

<p>The Long Telegram was written in 1946</p>

Question 16

<p>What was the <strong>Long Telegram</strong>?</p>

Answer 16

<p>The Long telegram was a secret report sent by US Ambassador on the Soviet Union, George Kennan, to President Truman</p>

Question 17

<p>What were the <strong>Impacts </strong>of the Long Telegram?</p>

Answer 17

<ul><li>It argued that the Soviet Union was a threat to capitalism (free trade between people and nations) and had to be destroyed</li><li>It suggested that the Soviets were building their military power</li><li>Most importantly, it said that peace between the USA and the USSR was not possible</li></ul>

Question 18

<p>When was the <strong>Novikov Telegram</strong> written?</p>

Answer 18

<p>Novikov's Telegram was written in 1946</p>

Question 19

<p>What were the <strong>Impacts </strong>of Novikov's Telegram?</p>

Answer 19

<ul><li>The USA wanted to be the world’s leading power</li><li>The Soviet Union was the only power that could stand up to the USA</li><li>The USA was preparing for war against the Soviets</li></ul>

Question 20

<p>What did the Soviet Union believe their takeover of Eastern European countries was for?</p>

Answer 20

<p>The Soviet Union had been invaded twice by Germany (in 1914 and 1941), resulting in a huge territorial, industrial and human loss</p>

<p>Stalin viewed the satellite states as a necessary buffer against invasion</p>

Question 21

<p>What did Britain and the US think of the Soviet Takeover of Eastern Europe?</p>

Answer 21

<p>However, Britain and the USA saw this extension of authority as an example of how the Soviet Union wanted to spread communism.
They viewed this as a threat to the West</p>

Question 22

<p>In what year did the Soviet Union develop their own atomic bomb?</p>

Answer 22

<p>1949</p>

Question 23

<p>What were the disagreeements at Yalta?</p>

Answer 23

<ul><li>Stalin wanted to move the Polish border westwards into German territory. Roosevelt was unhappy but agreed</li><li>Stalin wanted Poland to be a communist country whereas, Churchill supported the London Poles</li></ul>

Question 24

<p>What were the disagreements at Potsdam?</p>

Answer 24

<ul>
<li>Truman blocked Stalin’s demands for crippling reparations (fines) to be placed on Germany</li>
<li>Truman refused to allow the USSR to occupy Japanonce it was defeated</li>
<li>Truman and Atlee opposed Stalin’s demand that he set up pro-Soviet governments in Eastern Europe</li></ul>

Question 25

<p>Why was the Potsdam Conference less successful?</p>

Answer 25

<ul>
<li>Stalin’s troops remained in Eastern Europe – hopes of free elections seemed very distant now</li>
<li>Truman informed Stalin that the USA now possessed the atom bomb – Stalin feared that the USA might use this weapon in the future against the USSR</li>
<li>Truman adopted a far more hard-line approach to Stalin than Roosevelt had</li>
<li>The UK and USA were suspicious of Stalin who had now set up a pro-Communist government in Poland</li>
<li>Stalin was suspicious as to why USA wanted Germanyto ‘recover’ economically</li></ul>

Question 26

<p>What was the Iron Curtain Speech?</p>

Answer 26

<p>In March 1946, Churchill visited the USA where he made a speech in which he declared that Europe was being divided by Soviet policy. In the West were free and democratic states, but in the East, countries were living under the domination of communism and the USSR – an ‘iron curtain’ separated the two</p>

Question 27

<p>When was the Iron Curtain speech?</p>

Answer 27

<p>The Iron Curtain speech was on March 1946</p>

Question 28

<p>How did the Iron Curtain speech affect US-Soviet Relations?</p>

Answer 28

<p>It increased tension and mistrust and led the USSR to step up its campaign of anti-Western propaganda</p>

<p>It also intensified hostility</p>

Question 29

<p>What were satellite states?</p>

Answer 29

<p>Countries that were freed from Nazi rule by the Red Army. These included: Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Romania</p>

Question 30

<p>How did Stalin set up pro-Communist governments?</p>

Answer 30

<p>Although Stalin did hold elections, these were rigged to ensure Communists won. Politicians from other parties were beaten, intimidated or even murdered (e.g. Jan Masaryk). Even after the war, six million Soviet troops remained in Eastern Europe to stamp out opposition</p>