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History > 1.4 Cold War Crises, 1958-70 > Flashcards

1.4 Cold War Crises, 1958-70 Flashcards

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1
Q

How many Germans had left East Germany by 1958?

A

Three million. Over a sixth of the country’s population

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2
Q

What kind of people were leaving East Germany during the ‘Brain Drain’?

A

Skilled workers who were essential to the East German economy, such as engineers, technicians and teachers

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3
Q

What did Khrushchev demand in his ‘Berlin Ultimatum’?

A

Kruschev demanded that Western countries should officially recognise East Germany (German Democratic Republic) as an independent country

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4
Q

What were the names of the 4 summits held to discuss the ‘Berlin Ultimatum’?

A
  • Geneva, May 1959
  • Camp David, September 1959
  • Paris, May 1960
  • Vienna, June 1961
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5
Q

Who was President of the USA at the beginning of the Berlin Crisis and who was President at the end? What was the effect of this change?

A

Eisenhower was replaced by Kennedy in January 1961. At the Vienna summit in June 1961, Khrushchev believed that as Kennedy was inexperienced in foreign affairs, it would be possible to get the better of him.

However, Kennedy refused to make any concessions and, after Vienna, decided to increase spending on American armed forces by over $2 billion.

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6
Q

What was the result of the failure of the summits to find a conclusion to the Berlin Ultimatum?

A

Concerns over the talks caused an increase in East Germans deciding to cross to the West, just in case Krushchev decided to close the border.

On the night of 12th August 1961, East German troops put up a barbed wire fence between East and West Berlin

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7
Q

What was Krushchev’s Berlin Ultimatum?

A

Krushcev issued the Western powers an ultimatum to withdraw from Berlin within six months and make it a free, demilitarised city

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8
Q

What were the positive impacts of the building of the Berlin Wall on both the USA and the USSR?

A

The wall stopped large numbers of refugees leaving for the West

Showed that Khrushchev had been forced to accept Western control in West Berlin. West Berlin became an emblem of freedom

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9
Q

Who ruled Cuba before Castro?

A

Batista, an Army General who gained power with the help of the US

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10
Q

When was the Cuban Revolution?

A

January 1959

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11
Q

What reforms were introduced after Castro overthrew Batista in the 1959 Revolution?

A

Castro worked to end corruption in government and improve the conditions of agricultural and industrial workers

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12
Q

Why did the USA grow increasingly concerned by Castro’s reforms?

A

Castro began appointing communists to his government

He signed a trade agreement with the USSR in which Cuban sugar would be swapped for:

  • Machinery
  • Oil
  • Economic aid
  • Weapons

Castro nationalised American industries in Cuba

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13
Q

How did the USA react to Castro’s reforms?

A
  • In January 1960, the USA stopped buying Cuban sugar and then banned all trade with Cuba
  • By January 1961 the USA stopped all diplomatic relations with Cuba
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14
Q

Give details of the Bay of Pigs invasion:

A

The Bay Of Pigs was to be led by Cuban exiles, living in Florida

The plan was supported by JFK

Weapons, training and transport were provided by the CIA.

The exiles hoped to establish a base for guerrilla activities against Castro

The Americans were confident that the Cuban people would support them

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15
Q

Why was the Bay of Pigs such a disaster?

A
  • Force of 1,400 exiles faced over 20,000 Cuban soldiers
  • The people of Cuba did not rise up in support of the exiles.
  • Castro and Khrushchev knew it had been planned by the CIA
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16
Q

What were the consequences of The Bay of Pigs?

A
  • Cuba needed more Soviet support to defend itself
  • In September 1961 Khrushchev publicly announced that he would provide arms to Cuba
  • By 1962 Castro had a very well equipped army containing the latest tanks, missiles and ‘technicians’ (who were Soviet military personnel)
  • Castro now declared himself to be a communist
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17
Q

What were the effects of the Bay of Pigs on relations between the USA and USSR?

A
  • Kennedy was humiliated as the invasion had failed.
  • The USA looked hypocritical as they were supporting an invasion of an independent country.
  • The USSR had the upper hand – they pointed out that Cubans wanted a pro-communist regime, showing the popularity of Communism.
  • Stronger relations between Cuba and the USSR which made Kennedy feel threatened
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18
Q

Why did Khrushchev place missiles on Cuba?

A

NATO had missiles on Turkey.

Khrushchev could use missiles on Cuba as a bargaining tool

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19
Q

What did JFK decide to do on 22nd October 1962?

A
  • He decided to place a naval blockade around Cuba
  • Prepared troops for a possible invasion of Cuba
  • Called on the USSR to remove their missiles from Cuba
20
Q

How did Khrushchev respond to the Naval Blockade?

A

He replied there were no Soviet missiles on Cuba and that the USSR would ignore the blockade

21
Q

What happened when Soviet ships reached the naval blockade on 24th October 1962?

A
  • They turned back and did not attempt to break the blockade
  • However Soviet missiles still remained on Cuba
22
Q

What offer was made by Khrushchev in the letter sent on the 26th October?

A

The USSR would remove their nuclear weapons if the USA lifted the blockade and promised not to invade Cuba

23
Q

What offer was made by Khrushchev in the letter sent on the 27th October?

A

The USSR would remove their nuclear weapons if the USA removed theirs from Turkey

24
Q

How did JFK react to Krushchev’s letters?

A

On the same day he received the second letter, a U2 spy plane was shot down over Cuba.

JFK responded only to the first letter, saying he agreed with its terms, but if the missiles were not removed an attack would follow.

R. Kennedy also informed the Soviet ambassador in Washington that the US would remove its missiles from Turkey

25
Q

What did the USA gain from the Cuban Missile crisis?

A
  • Nuclear missiles were removed from Cuba
  • The missiles in Turkey were removed secretly 6 months later.
  • JFK was no longer seen as weak and inexperienced – his decision to impose a naval blockade was justified
26
Q

What did USSR gain from the Cuban Missile Crisis?

A
  • Cuba remained a Communist country only 90 miles from the USA
  • Cuba continued to look to the USSR for protection
27
Q

What did the USA lose from the Cuban Missile crisis?

A

Missiles in Turkey – this angered some of their NATO allies

28
Q

What did USSR lose from the Cuban Missile crisis?

A
  • The USSR was publicly seen to have backed down – this angered many Soviet politicians
  • Khrushchev was removed from office in 1964 – the military felt they had been forced into a humiliating withdrawal
29
Q

What did the world gain from the Cuban Missile crisis?

A
  • A direct hot line phone link was set up between Washington and Moscow
  • A Nuclear Test Ban Treaty was set up in 1963
30
Q

What did Cuba gain from the Cuban Missile crisis?

A
  • Cuba’s independence had been secured - free from US interference
  • However Castro felt like a pawn which could have seen Cuba destroyed
31
Q

What reforms was Alexander Dubcek making in Czechoslovakia?

A

As part of the ‘Prague Spring’, from April 1968, Dubcek introduced reforms such as:

  • Less censorship
  • Trade union powers
  • Increased worker’s rights
  • More power for regional government
  • Trade with West increased
  • Greater freedom to travel abroad

The idea of holding multi-party elections in the future was discussed

32
Q

What did Dubcek promise Khrushchev to make that meant the USSR was initially happy to accept him as leader?

A

Dubcek was committed to the Warsaw Pact and support for the Soviet Union

33
Q

What happened to change the USSR’s opinion on Dubcek?

A

The Soviet leader, Brezhnev (who replaced Khrushchev in 1968), disapproved of many of the reforms being made by Dubcek.

He saw them as a threat to Soviet control in Eastern Europe

34
Q

Describe the events of the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia

A
  • On 20th August 1968, 500,000 Warsaw Pact troops invaded Czechoslovakia and ended the ‘Prague Spring.’
  • There was some brave resistance, such as blocking roads or attacking individual tanks.
  • The invading troops had been told they had been invited by the Czech government to help restore law and order and were surprised by the hostility they encountered
35
Q

What impact did the Soviet invasion have on Czechoslovakia?

A

Dubcek was arrested, sent to Moscow and ordered to reverse his reforms.

Then in 1969, he was replaced by Gustav Husak.

Husak was a hardliner loyal to Moscow and introduced a clampdown in which over a thousand Czechs were arrested

36
Q

What was the Brezhnev Doctrine?

A

Brezhnev said that the actions of any individual communist country affected all other communist countries.

This meant other communist countries could take action to prevent reforms

37
Q

What was the impact of the Prague spring on USA/USSR relations?

A

The Soviet response to the Prague Spring outraged Western governments.

Attempt to pass a formal resolution condemning the invasion in the United Nations but this was vetoed by the Soviet Union.

The Soviet Union saw that the USA might protest but could take little action to opposed Soviet control in Europe

38
Q

How many people were killed attempting to cross the Berlin Wall?

A

200 people were killed attempting to cross the Berlin wall

39
Q

What were Dubcek’s reforms?

A

Political:

  • The Secret Police had their powers restricted
  • Other Political Parties were permitted
  • More criticism of Communism was allowed
  • Censorship was relaxed

Capitalist:

  • Created a form of Market Socialism
40
Q

What were the different reactions to the Brezhnev Doctrine?

A
  • Romania (under Nicolae Ceausescu) and Yugoslavia (under Josip Broz Tito) divided the communist world by signing agreements with China
  • Brezhnev Doctrine stopped any significant reforms in the other Eastern European bloc countries
  • Communist leaders in France and Italy broke off ties with the Soviet Union
41
Q

Who were the US and Soviet leaders during the Cuban Missile Crisis?

A
  • Kruschev (Soviet Union)
  • Kennedy (USA)
42
Q

When was the Brezhnev Doctrine written?

A

September 1968

43
Q

When was the Bay of Pigs Invasion?

A

April 1961

44
Q

What were the Short-term consequences of the Cuban Missile Crisis?

A
  • Cuba survived as a communist country
  • Kennedy assured the USA would never invade Cuba
  • Kennedy’s public appeal improved, but the Soviet Union looked weak. Missiles in Turkey removed secretly
  • Khrushchev was ousted as Soviet leader in 1964
45
Q

What were the Long-term Consequences of the Cuban Missile Crisis?

A
  • There was a move towards detente
  • Kennedy wanted to focus more on the ‘common interests’ between the two countries
  • After the Cuban Missile Crisis, a hotline was set up between the White House and the Kremlin
46
Q

What were the Nuclear treaties signed as a result of the Cuban Missile Crisis?

A
  • In August 1963, the Limited Test Ban Treaty was signed. Both sides agreed that only underground tests of nuclear weapons would be allowed
  • The Soviets still continued to get as many and as powerful nuclear weapons as the USA. They achieved this in 1965
  • The Outer Space Treaty of 1967 agreed to limit the use of nuclear weapons in space
  • In 1968, both countries signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. This agreed that nuclear weapons could not be given to any other countries
47
Q

When did the Warsaw Pact troops invade Czechoslovakia?

A

August 1968

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