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Biology > 9. Transport In Animals > Flashcards

9. Transport In Animals Flashcards

1
Q

What is the circulatory system

A

a series of blood vessels with a pump and valves to prevent backflow

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2
Q

what type of circulatory system do fish have

A

single circulatory system

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3
Q

describe a single circulatory system

A

the blood only passes through the heart once for each full circuit of the body

heart -> gills -> body

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4
Q

what type of circulatory system do mammals have

A

double circulatory systems

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5
Q

describe a double circulatory system

A

the blood passes through the heart twice per circuit

heart -> body -> heart -> lungs

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6
Q

what is the advantage of a double circulatory system

A

double circulatory systems can maintain a higher blood pressure which increases the speed at which the blood flows so nutrients can be delivered and waste can be removed more quickly

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7
Q

identify the structures of the heart labelled in the diagram below

A
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8
Q

name this artery state its purpose

A

it is the coronary artery and it supplies the heart muscle with blood

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9
Q

what is the name of the wall that separates the right and left sides of the heart

A

the septum

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10
Q

what type of muscles is the heart made of

A

cardiac muscle

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11
Q

why is the wall of the left ventricle thicker than the wall of the right ventricle

A

the left ventricle has to pump blood further distance around the whole body so the blood needs to be under a higher pressure

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12
Q

why do the ventricles have thicker walls than the atria

A

the ventricles need to pump blood at a higher pressure to pump it out and around the body and to the lungs whereas the atria only need to pump the blood into the ventricles so do not need to generate as high of a pressure

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13
Q

what is the difference in function between veins, arteries, and capillaries

A

arteries carry blood AWAY from the heart

Veins carry blood TOWARDS the heart

capillaries for close to tissues for exchange

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14
Q

why is the septum important

A

it separates the oxygenated blood from the deoxygenated blood

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15
Q

show he direction of blood flow through the heart on the diagram

A
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16
Q

describe the blood flow through the right side of the heart

A
  • deoxygenated blood flows into the right atrium from the vena cava
  • this blood passes through the right AV valve into the right ventricle
  • The blood is then pumped out of the heart to the lungs though the right SL valve and into the pulmonary artery
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17
Q

describe the blood flow through the left side of the heart

A
  • blood enters into the left atrium from the pulmonary vein
  • the blood is then pumped through the left AV valve into the left ventricle
  • the blood is then pumped out through the left SL valve and into the aorta
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18
Q

give 3 ways of measuring the activity of the heart

A

ECG
Pulse rate
Listening to the sounds of the valves

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19
Q

state the effect of physical exercise on heart rate

A

physical exercise increases heart rate

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20
Q

explain the effect of physical exercise on heart rate

A
  • muscular contraction requires energy from respiration
  • more respiration requires more oxygen and more carbon dioxide
  • heart pumps faster to provide more oxygen to the muscles for respiration and to remove the carbon dioxide quickly
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21
Q

what is coronary heart disease

A

when the artery providing the heart tissue with blood becomes blocked

22
Q

give 6 common risk factors for coronary heart disease

A
  • smoking
  • poor diet
  • lack of exercise
  • stress
  • genetic predisposition
  • gender
23
Q

how can coronary heart disease be prevented by altering lifestyle choices

A
  • exercise regularly
  • controlled diet
24
Q

what treatment options are available for people with cardiovascular disease

A

drug treatment
surgery

25
Q

what drugs are used to treat cardiovascular disease

26
Q

what surgical procedures can be used to treat cardiovascular disease

A
  • stents
  • angioplasty
  • by pass
27
Q

what do stents do

A

they are small tubes that are inserted into blood vessels that help to keep them open

28
Q

what is angioplasty

A

the temporary insertion of a small balloon into an artery to keep it open

29
Q

what is coronary by pass

A

a surgical procedure used to divert the flow of blood around a blocked artery

30
Q

describe the structure of arteries

A

they have thick walls made of muscle and elastic tissue and a small lump to transport blood under high pressure

31
Q

describe the structure of capillaries

A

they have thin walls about one cell thick to allow for the easy exchange of substances at the tissue

32
Q

describe the structure of veins

A

veins have less muscle and elastic tissue than arteries and they have a larger lumen as the blood is at lower pressure, they also have valves to prevent backflow

33
Q

name the artery that supplies the lungs with blood

A

the pulmonary artery

34
Q

name the vein that takes blood away from the lungs

A

the pulmonary vein

35
Q

name the main artery that takes blood away from the heart

36
Q

name the main vein that takes blood to the heart

A

the vena cava

37
Q

name the main artery that takes blood to the kidneys

A

the renal artery

38
Q

name the main vein that takes blood away from the kidneys

A

the renal vein

39
Q

what is the function of arterioles

A

they are vessels that are narrower than arteries and connect them to capillaries

40
Q

what is the function of venules

A

they are vessels that are wider than capillaries and connect them to veins

41
Q

what are shunt vessels

A

small blood vessels that can change size are used to control the amount of blood that flows to a certain area

42
Q

what is the lymphatic system

A

a system of vessels and lymph nodes that are involved in returning tissue fluid to the blood and in immunity

43
Q

name 4 components of the blood

A
  • red blood cells
  • white blood cells
  • platelets
  • plasma
44
Q

name 2 types of white blood cell

A

phagocyte

lymphocyte

45
Q

identify cell A and cell B

A

A - lymphocyte
B - phagocyte

46
Q

what is the function of platelets

A

they are use in forming blood clots

47
Q

what is the purpose of blood clotting

A
  • preventing excess blood loss
  • preventing the entry of pathogens through wounds
48
Q

describe the process of blood clotting

A

blood clotting is a process used to stop bleeding from damaged blood vessels by creating a mesh by converting fibrinogen to fibrin

49
Q

what is the function of red blood cells

A

transporting oxygen to tissue using haemoglobin

50
Q

state 2 functions of white blood cells

A
  • producing specific antibodies
  • phagocytosis
51
Q

what is the function of plasma

A

transporting substances like ions, soluble nutrients, hormones and carbon dioxide in the blood

52
Q

describe the transfer of nutrients at capillaries

A

transporting substances like ions, soluble nutrients, hormones and carbon dioxide in the blood

Biology (9 decks)

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