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Biology > 17. Inheritance > Flashcards

17. Inheritance Flashcards

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1
Q

what is inheritance

A

transmitting genetic information from one generation to the next

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2
Q

what is a chromosome

A

tightly packaged DNA around histone proteins in a thread-like structure that carries information in the form of genes

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3
Q

what is a gene

A

a section of DNA that codes for a specific protein

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4
Q

what is an allele

A

different versions of the same gene

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5
Q

how is sex determined by genes

A

one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes determines sex

the pair can either be XX for female or XY for a male

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6
Q

describe how genes determine the order of amino acids in a protein

A

the sequence of bases in a gene relates directly to the amino acids added during protein synthesis

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7
Q

how does DNA control cell function

A

DNA code for protein which can be enzymes, antibodies and receptors

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8
Q

explain protein synthesis

A
  • a copy of the gene is made using mRNA and taken into the cytoplasm to a ribosome
  • the ribosome assembles amino acids into protein based on the sequence of bases in the mRNA molecule
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9
Q

compare the genes found in all the body cells

A
  • all body cells contain the same genes
  • however genes can be turned on or off dependent on the proteins the cell needs to make
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10
Q

what is a haploid nucleus

A

a nucleus with one set of unpaired chromosomes

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11
Q

what is a diploid nucleus

A

a nucleus with two sets of chromosomes where there is a pair of each type of chromosome

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12
Q

how may pairs of chromosomes does a human diploid cell have

A

23 pairs

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13
Q

what is mitosis

A

a type of nuclear division that produces two genetically identical daughter cells

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14
Q

state 4 uses of mitosis

A
  • growth
  • replacing worn out cells
  • repairing tissues
  • asexual reproduction
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15
Q

when does the duplication of chromosomes happen in relation to mitosis

A

the duplication of the chromosomes happens before mitosis

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16
Q

how is chromosome number maintained during mitosis

A
  • the chromosome number doubles prior to mitosis
  • during mitosis, each of the copies are separated, giving each daughter cell the original amount (23 pairs)
17
Q

what are stem cells

A

cell that do not lose the ability to differentiate and so can differentiate into many different types of cells

18
Q

what is meiosis

A

a type of nuclear division that produces four daughter cells that are not genetically identical

19
Q

what type of cell does meiosis produce

A

sex cells/gametes

20
Q

how does meiosis produce genetically different daughter cells

A

meiosis combines maternal and paternal chromosomes in different ways

21
Q

what is the genotype

A

the genes present for a trait

22
Q

what is the phenotype

A

the visible characteristic

23
Q

what is meant when an organism is homozygous

A

when an organism has two copies of the same allele

24
Q

what is meant when an organism is heterozygous

A

when an organism has two different versions of the same gene

25
Q

what is the term used to describe the type of breeding carried out when two homozygous individual breed

A

pure - breeding

26
Q

what is a dominant allele

A

a version of a gene where only one copy is needed for it to be expressed

27
Q

what is a recessive allele

A

a version of a gene where two copies are needed for it to be expressed

28
Q

what do family pedigrees show

A

the inheritance of an allele over generations

29
Q

draw a Punnett square for a cross between a homozygous recessive blue eyed female (bb) with a heterozygous brown eyed male (Bb)

A
30
Q

draw a Punnett square for a cross between homozygous dominant red flower (RR) with a homozygous recessive white flower (rr)

A
31
Q

Draw a Punnett square for a cross between two heterozygous cystic fibrosis carriers (Ff)

A
32
Q

what is a test cross

A
  • a method used to identify an unknown genotype
  • it is done by breeding the unknown organism with a homozygous recessive organism
33
Q

what is codominance

A

when two alleles affect the phenotype

34
Q

what is a sex linked characteristic

A
  • a characteristic where the gene responsible for its located on a sex chromosome
  • this makes it more common in one sex than another
35
Q

give one example of a sex linked characteristic

A

colour blindness

36
Q

Draw a Punnett square for a cross between a female with blood type A and a male with blood type AB

A

Biology (9 decks)

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