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Biology > 7. Human Nutrition > Flashcards

7. Human Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What is a balanced diet

A

A balanced diet is a diet that contains the correct proportions of nutrients that the body needs to function correctly

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2
Q

Which general group of people require the most calories in their diet

A

Adolescent males with active lifestyles

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3
Q

Why do pregnant women need a larger caloric intake

A

They need more energy to support the development of the child

The diet needs to be balanced as well to provide the correct nutrients

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4
Q

What is constipation caused by

A

A lack of dietary fiber

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5
Q

What is starvation

A

Suffering or death that is caused by not eating enough food

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6
Q

What is constipation

A

Infrequent bowel movements causing difficulty passing faeces

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7
Q

What is scurvy caused by

A

A lack of vitamin C

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8
Q

Give 3 sources of carbohydrates in the diet

A

Pasta
Bread
Potato

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9
Q

Give 3 sources of fat in the diet

A

Oily fish
Nuts
Full fat dairy

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10
Q

Give 3 sources of protein in the diet

A

Meat
Fish
Nuts

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11
Q

Give 2 sources of vitamin c in the diet

A

Fruit vegetables

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12
Q

Give 2 sources of vitamin d in the diet

A

Oily fish
Eggs

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13
Q

Give 2 sources of iron in the diet

A

Brown rice
Meat

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14
Q

Give 2 sources of calcium in the diet

A

Milk
Cheese

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15
Q

What are the 2 main groups of dietary fiber

A

Soluble fiber
Insoluble fiber

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16
Q

Give 2 sources of soluble fiber

A

Oats
Fruit

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17
Q

Give 2 sources of insoluble fiber

A

Whole meal bread
Nuts

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18
Q

What are the causes of vitamin d deficiency

A

Not enough sunlight

Not enough oily fish, egg yolks or fortified milk

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19
Q

What are the effects of vitamin d deficiency

A

Vitamin d deficiency can cause rickets in children which leads to weak bones which can cause deformities

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20
Q

What are the causes of iron deficiency

A

A diet lacking iron
Blood loss
Pregnancy

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21
Q

What are the effects of iron deficiency

A

Fatigue
Dizziness
Headache
Chest pain

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22
Q

What is ingestion

A

The intake of substances into the body through the mouth

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23
Q

What is mechanical digestion

A

The process of breaking down food without altering it chemically

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24
Q

What is chemical digestion

A

Breaking insoluble large molecules into smaller soluble ones

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25
What is chemical digestion
Breaking insoluble large molecules into smaller soluble ones
26
What is absorption
The process where ions and broken down food molecules move into the blood through the wall of the intestine
27
What is assimilation
The movement of digested food molecules into the cells of the body where they are used
28
What is egestion
The removal of undirected food as waste from the anus
29
What is diarrhea
Passing watery faeces
30
How can diarrhea be treated
Using oral rehydration therapy which involves taking a sugar/salt solution orally
31
What is cholera
A disease caused by a bacterium that causes severe dehydration and diarrhea
32
What is an ion channel
They are proteins that span cell membranes that allow charged molecules to pass through the membrane
33
How does the cholera bacterium cause dehydration and diarrhea
- the cholera bacterium produces a protein toxin - the toxin causes chloride ion channels in the small intestine membranes to open - chloride ions move into the gut - water then also moves into the gut down its concentration gradient - faeces becomes watery
34
Identify the structures of the digestive system labeled in the diagram
35
What is the difference between the alimentary canal and the digestive system
The alimentary canal involves the tubes that the food passes through whereas the digestive system also includes digestive glands
36
Describe the passage of food through the alimentary canal
Mouth Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Rectum
37
What is the function of the mouth
To chew and break down food To secrete digestive enzymes
38
What is the esophagus
The tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach
39
What does the stomach do
The stomach is a muscular sac containing acid that pummels the food and breaks it down further
40
What role does the pancreas play in digestion
The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine
41
Where are the salivary glands located
In the mouth
42
Name the 2 parts of the small intestine
Duodenum and ileum
43
What is the function of the duodenum
The duodenum receives food directly from the stomach and uses enzymes and chemical digestion to break the food down
44
What is the function of the ileum
Most nutrients are absorbed from the food in the ileum into the blood
45
How is the ileum adapted for absorption
The ileum is lined with villi and micro I’ll which provide a large surface area for absorption
46
How are villi adapted for absorption
Thin walls Large surface area Good blood supply close to the surface
47
What is the function of the large intestine
Water is reabsorbed into the blood in the large intestine
48
What is the function of the rectum
The rectum stores faeces before egestion
49
Name the types of teeth in each of the 4 coloured sections
Red - incisors Yellow - canines Blue - premolars Green - molars
50
Label this diagram of a tooth
51
What is the function of incisors in mechanical digestion
Biting and breaking sections of food off a larger piece
52
What is the function of canines in mechanical digestion
Ripping and shredding food
53
What is the function of premolars and molars in mechanical digestion
Chewing and grinding food
54
What causes dental decay
Bacteria found in the mouth use sugars from foods to respire which produces acid that breaks down the enamel on teeth
55
How can dental decay be prevented
Brush teeth regularly Control diet and limit the consumption of sugary food and drinks
56
What is the purpose of chemical digestion
Breaking larger insoluble molecules into smaller soluble molecules that can be absorbed
57
What does amylase do
Amylase is a digestive enzyme that breaks starch down into simple sugars
58
Describe the digestion fo starch in the alimentary canal
Amylase is secreted and breaks starch down into maltose in the alimentary canal Maltese breaks maltose down on the membranes of the small intestine
59
What does protease do
Protease is a digestive enzyme that breaks proteins down into amino acids
60
What does lipase do
Lipase is a digestive enzyme that breaks lipids down into fatty acids and glycerol
61
Give 2 places in the alimentary canal that amylase is secreted
The pancreas The salivary glands in the mouth
62
Give 2 places in the alimentary canal that protease is secreted
The pancreas The stomach
63
Where in the alimentary canal is lipase secreted
The pancreas
64
Give 2 examples of protease enzymes
Pepsin and trypsin
65
Where is trypsin secreted from
The small intestine
66
Where is pepsin secreted from
The stomach
67
What are the functions of the hydrochloride acid in gastric juice
Killing bacteria Gives the appropriate pH for enzymes to work
68
Explain the functions of hydrochloric acid in gastric juice
Low pH kills bacteria by denaturing the enzymes inside them Low pH is the optimum pH for pepsin
69
What does bile do
Bile neutralizes the stomach acid and provides alkaline conditions for the digestive enzymes in the small intestine Bile also emulsifies fats which increases their surface area for chemical digestion
70
In which part of the alimentary canal is digested food absorbed
The small intestine
71
What is the purpose of villi in the small intestine
Villi increases the surface area for absorption
72
Describe the structure of a villus
Central láctea used for transporting acids and glycerol in the lymph fluid Lots of capillaries to absorb nutrients into the blood Thin wall to minimise the diffusion distance
73
State 2 parts of the alimentary canal where water is absorbed
The small intestine The colon

Biology (9 decks)

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