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Biology > 7. Human Nutrition > Flashcards

7. Human Nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a balanced diet

A

A balanced diet is a diet that contains the correct proportions of nutrients that the body needs to function correctly

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2
Q

Which general group of people require the most calories in their diet

A

Adolescent males with active lifestyles

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3
Q

Why do pregnant women need a larger caloric intake

A

They need more energy to support the development of the child

The diet needs to be balanced as well to provide the correct nutrients

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4
Q

What is constipation caused by

A

A lack of dietary fiber

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5
Q

What is starvation

A

Suffering or death that is caused by not eating enough food

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6
Q

What is constipation

A

Infrequent bowel movements causing difficulty passing faeces

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7
Q

What is scurvy caused by

A

A lack of vitamin C

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8
Q

Give 3 sources of carbohydrates in the diet

A

Pasta
Bread
Potato

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9
Q

Give 3 sources of fat in the diet

A

Oily fish
Nuts
Full fat dairy

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10
Q

Give 3 sources of protein in the diet

A

Meat
Fish
Nuts

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11
Q

Give 2 sources of vitamin c in the diet

A

Fruit vegetables

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12
Q

Give 2 sources of vitamin d in the diet

A

Oily fish
Eggs

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13
Q

Give 2 sources of iron in the diet

A

Brown rice
Meat

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14
Q

Give 2 sources of calcium in the diet

A

Milk
Cheese

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15
Q

What are the 2 main groups of dietary fiber

A

Soluble fiber
Insoluble fiber

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16
Q

Give 2 sources of soluble fiber

A

Oats
Fruit

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17
Q

Give 2 sources of insoluble fiber

A

Whole meal bread
Nuts

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18
Q

What are the causes of vitamin d deficiency

A

Not enough sunlight

Not enough oily fish, egg yolks or fortified milk

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19
Q

What are the effects of vitamin d deficiency

A

Vitamin d deficiency can cause rickets in children which leads to weak bones which can cause deformities

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20
Q

What are the causes of iron deficiency

A

A diet lacking iron
Blood loss
Pregnancy

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21
Q

What are the effects of iron deficiency

A

Fatigue
Dizziness
Headache
Chest pain

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22
Q

What is ingestion

A

The intake of substances into the body through the mouth

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23
Q

What is mechanical digestion

A

The process of breaking down food without altering it chemically

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24
Q

What is chemical digestion

A

Breaking insoluble large molecules into smaller soluble ones

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25
Q

What is chemical digestion

A

Breaking insoluble large molecules into smaller soluble ones

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26
Q

What is absorption

A

The process where ions and broken down food molecules move into the blood through the wall of the intestine

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27
Q

What is assimilation

A

The movement of digested food molecules into the cells of the body where they are used

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28
Q

What is egestion

A

The removal of undirected food as waste from the anus

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29
Q

What is diarrhea

A

Passing watery faeces

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30
Q

How can diarrhea be treated

A

Using oral rehydration therapy which involves taking a sugar/salt solution orally

31
Q

What is cholera

A

A disease caused by a bacterium that causes severe dehydration and diarrhea

32
Q

What is an ion channel

A

They are proteins that span cell membranes that allow charged molecules to pass through the membrane

33
Q

How does the cholera bacterium cause dehydration and diarrhea

A
  • the cholera bacterium produces a protein toxin
  • the toxin causes chloride ion channels in the small intestine membranes to open
  • chloride ions move into the gut
  • water then also moves into the gut down its concentration gradient
  • faeces becomes watery
34
Q

Identify the structures of the digestive system labeled in the diagram

A
35
Q

What is the difference between the alimentary canal and the digestive system

A

The alimentary canal involves the tubes that the food passes through whereas the digestive system also includes digestive glands

36
Q

Describe the passage of food through the alimentary canal

A

Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Rectum

37
Q

What is the function of the mouth

A

To chew and break down food

To secrete digestive enzymes

38
Q

What is the esophagus

A

The tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach

39
Q

What does the stomach do

A

The stomach is a muscular sac containing acid that pummels the food and breaks it down further

40
Q

What role does the pancreas play in digestion

A

The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine

41
Q

Where are the salivary glands located

A

In the mouth

42
Q

Name the 2 parts of the small intestine

A

Duodenum and ileum

43
Q

What is the function of the duodenum

A

The duodenum receives food directly from the stomach and uses enzymes and chemical digestion to break the food down

44
Q

What is the function of the ileum

A

Most nutrients are absorbed from the food in the ileum into the blood

45
Q

How is the ileum adapted for absorption

A

The ileum is lined with villi and micro I’ll which provide a large surface area for absorption

46
Q

How are villi adapted for absorption

A

Thin walls

Large surface area

Good blood supply close to the surface

47
Q

What is the function of the large intestine

A

Water is reabsorbed into the blood in the large intestine

48
Q

What is the function of the rectum

A

The rectum stores faeces before egestion

49
Q

Name the types of teeth in each of the 4 coloured sections

A

Red - incisors

Yellow - canines

Blue - premolars

Green - molars

50
Q

Label this diagram of a tooth

A
51
Q

What is the function of incisors in mechanical digestion

A

Biting and breaking sections of food off a larger piece

52
Q

What is the function of canines in mechanical digestion

A

Ripping and shredding food

53
Q

What is the function of premolars and molars in mechanical digestion

A

Chewing and grinding food

54
Q

What causes dental decay

A

Bacteria found in the mouth use sugars from foods to respire which produces acid that breaks down the enamel on teeth

55
Q

How can dental decay be prevented

A

Brush teeth regularly

Control diet and limit the consumption of sugary food and drinks

56
Q

What is the purpose of chemical digestion

A

Breaking larger insoluble molecules into smaller soluble molecules that can be absorbed

57
Q

What does amylase do

A

Amylase is a digestive enzyme that breaks starch down into simple sugars

58
Q

Describe the digestion fo starch in the alimentary canal

A

Amylase is secreted and breaks starch down into maltose in the alimentary canal

Maltese breaks maltose down on the membranes of the small intestine

59
Q

What does protease do

A

Protease is a digestive enzyme that breaks proteins down into amino acids

60
Q

What does lipase do

A

Lipase is a digestive enzyme that breaks lipids down into fatty acids and glycerol

61
Q

Give 2 places in the alimentary canal that amylase is secreted

A

The pancreas

The salivary glands in the mouth

62
Q

Give 2 places in the alimentary canal that protease is secreted

A

The pancreas

The stomach

63
Q

Where in the alimentary canal is lipase secreted

A

The pancreas

64
Q

Give 2 examples of protease enzymes

A

Pepsin and trypsin

65
Q

Where is trypsin secreted from

A

The small intestine

66
Q

Where is pepsin secreted from

A

The stomach

67
Q

What are the functions of the hydrochloride acid in gastric juice

A

Killing bacteria

Gives the appropriate pH for enzymes to work

68
Q

Explain the functions of hydrochloric acid in gastric juice

A

Low pH kills bacteria by denaturing the enzymes inside them

Low pH is the optimum pH for pepsin

69
Q

What does bile do

A

Bile neutralizes the stomach acid and provides alkaline conditions for the digestive enzymes in the small intestine

Bile also emulsifies fats which increases their surface area for chemical digestion

70
Q

In which part of the alimentary canal is digested food absorbed

A

The small intestine

71
Q

What is the purpose of villi in the small intestine

A

Villi increases the surface area for absorption

72
Q

Describe the structure of a villus

A

Central láctea used for transporting acids and glycerol in the lymph fluid

Lots of capillaries to absorb nutrients into the blood

Thin wall to minimise the diffusion distance

73
Q

State 2 parts of the alimentary canal where water is absorbed

A

The small intestine

The colon

Biology (9 decks)

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