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Biology > 16. Reproduction > Flashcards

16. Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

what is asexual reproduction

A

the production of two genetically identical offspring from one parent

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2
Q

give one advantage and one disadvantage of asexual reproduction

A

advantage - it produces lots of offsprings quickly

disadvantage - it does not introduce variation and so all offsprings are susceptible to the same environmental pressures as the parents

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3
Q

what is sexual reproduction

A

the production of two genetically different offspring from the fusion of the nuclei from two gametes

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4
Q

define fertilisation

A

the fusion of the nuclei from two gametes

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5
Q

state the difference in the number of chromosomes in a gamete nucleus compared with a zygote nucleus

A

gametes have a haploid nucleus (23 chromosomes) whereas zygotes have a dipole nuclei (23 pairs of chromosomes)

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6
Q

give one advantage and one disadvantage of sexual reproduction

A

advantage - it introduces variation

disadvantage - it is slower and produces a limited amount of offspring

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7
Q

label the insect pollinated flower below

A
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8
Q

what is the function of the sepals in a plant insect pollinated plant

A

the sepal is a hard coating that protects the developing flower in a bud

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9
Q

what is the function of the petals in an insect pollinated plant

A

the petals attract the insects so that they can pollinate the plant

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10
Q

what is the function of the anthers in an insect pollinated plant

A

the anthers contain the pollen sacs which contain the male sex cells of the plant

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11
Q

what is the function of the stigma in an insect pollinated plant

A

these are sticky parts of the plant designed to capture the pollen grains

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12
Q

what is the function of the ovaries in an insect pollinated plant

A

they contain ovules which will grow into seeds when they are fertilized by pollen

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13
Q

label the diagram of a wind pollinated plant below

A

a - stigma
b - anthers

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14
Q

what type of pollen grain is this and why

A

pollen from an insect pollinated as it has spikes on it to make it sticky to be picked up by insects

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15
Q

what type of pollen grain is this and why

A

pollen from a wind pollinated as it is smooth so that it can be carried by the wind easily

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16
Q

what is pollination

A

where pollen grains are transferred from the anthers to the stigma

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17
Q

what is self pollination

A

where pollen grains are transferred from the anthers to th stigma of the same plant

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18
Q

what is cross pollination

A

where pollen grains are transferred from the anthers of one plant to the stigma of another plant of the same species

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19
Q

give one advantage of self pollination

A

there is a greater chance of fertilization as it does not rely on pollinators

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20
Q

give one disadvantage of self pollination

A

genetic variation decreases and the plant is less able to adapt to the environment

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21
Q

give one advantage of cross pollination

A

the plants are more able to adapt environmental changes and there is increased genetic variation

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22
Q

give one disadvantage of cross pollination

A

the plants are reliant on insect population for fertilisation

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23
Q

describe what happens when a pollen grain lands on the stigma of a plant

A
  • a pollen tube grows through the style to reach the ovule in the ovary
  • the nucleus from the pollen grain then travels down the pollen tube to reach the ovule
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24
Q

when does fertilization occur

A

when the nucleus of a pollen grain fuses with the nucleus of an ovule

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25
Q

state 3 environmental conditions that affect see germination

A

oxygen availability

water availability

a suitable temperature

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26
Q

label the following diagram of the male reproductive system

A
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27
Q

state 2 functions of the testes

A

they produce hormones

they produce sperm

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28
Q

state 2 functions of the penis

A

used as the male sex organ

used as an excretory organ

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29
Q

state 2 functions of the male urethra

A
  • it allows urine to exit the body from the bladder
  • it is used during ejaculation to release semen
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30
Q

state the function of the scrotum

A

it holds and protects the testes

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31
Q

state the function of the sperm duct

A

it carries sperm from the testes to the urethra

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32
Q

state the function of the prostate gland

A

it produces prostate fluid which combines with sperm cells to make sperm

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33
Q

label the following diagram of the female reproductive system

A
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34
Q

state 2 functions of the ovaries

A
  • they produce eggs
  • they produce hormones
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35
Q

state 2 functions of the vagina

A
  • to receive the penis during intercourse
  • it is used as the birth canal during childbirth
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36
Q

state the function of the oviduct

A

to create a passage between the ovary and the uterus for the egg to travel down

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37
Q

state 2 functions of the cervix

A
  • to allow menstrual blood to flow out of the vagina
  • to channel the sperm into the uterus
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38
Q

define fertilisation (humans)

A

the fusion of the nucleus of a male gamete with the nucleus of a female gamete

39
Q

compare sperm and egg cells in terms of size

A

sperm cells are significantly smaller than egg cells

40
Q

compare sperm and egg cells in terms of structure and shape

A

sperm cells are long and thin with a head and tail whereas egg cells are large and in the shape of a sphere or ovoid

41
Q

compare sperm and egg cells in term of their ability to move

A
  • sperm cells have large energy stores and a long tail to help them to move quickly
  • egg cells do not have this and so are relatively non motile
42
Q

compare sperm and egg cells in terms of number of each cell

A

there are many more sperm cells than egg cells

43
Q

state 2 adaptive features of sperm cells

A
  • long flagellum
  • contain enzymes
44
Q

explain 3 adaptive features of sperm cells

A
  • lots of mitochondria in the middle section provide energy for movement
  • enzymes in the acrosome break down he outer membrane of the egg
  • long whip like flagellum used for movement
45
Q

explain the 2 adaptive features of egg cell

A
  • large energy stores allow for lots of cell divisions and growth
  • jelly like coat ensures that only one sperm can fertilize the egg as it changes after fertilisation
46
Q

briefly describe the early development of an embryo

A
  • after fertilisation a zygote is formed
  • the zygote implants in the uterus wall and becomes an embryo
47
Q

what is the function of the umbilical cord

A
  • it delivers oxygenated blood and nutrients to the developing foetus
  • it removes deoxygenated blood and waste products from the developing foetus
48
Q

what is the function of the placenta

A
  • it separates the mother’s blood supply from the foetus blood supply
  • it also allows for exchange between the mother and foetus
49
Q

what is the function of the placenta

A
  • to allow the removal of waste gases and excretory products from the foetus
  • to act as a barrier for toxins and pathogens
  • to provide the foetus with dissolved nutrients
50
Q

what is the function of the amniotic sac and amniotic fuluid

A

they help to protect the developing foetus

51
Q

describe the growth of the fetus over time

A
  • the foetus begins by developing and becoming more complex
  • in the later stages of pregnancy, the foetus increases in size
52
Q

how can certain toxins and pathogens be harmful to the developing foetus

A

the toxins and pathogens can pass across the placenta and can damage the foetus

53
Q

name one toxin that can affect a devolping foetus

A

nicotine found in cigarette smoke

54
Q

name one pathogen that can affect a developing foetus

A

the rubella virus

55
Q

describe how women should control their diet during pregnancy

A
  • avoid smoking or drinking as this can damage the foetus
  • make sure to have a balanced diet with a focus on nutrients like iron for the development of blood and calcium for the development of bones
56
Q

state one advantage of breastfeeding over bottle feeding using formula milk

A

breastfeeding provides the child with important antibodies from the mother which proves protection against disease

57
Q

state one disadvantage of breastfeeding over bottle feeding using formula milk

A

breastfeeding may be painful for the mother

58
Q

state one advantage of bottle feeding using formula milk over breastfeeding

A

the other does not need to control her diet to provide the correct nutrients to her baby

59
Q

state one advantage of bottle feeding using formula milk over breastfeeding

A

bottle feeding can be extra expense for parents

60
Q

state the 6 main stage of labour and birth

A
  • the amniotic sac breaks
  • the muscles in the wall of the uterus contract
  • widening of the cervix opening
  • passage of the baby through the vagina
  • tying and cutting the umbilical cord
  • delivery of the afterbirth
61
Q

what role does testosterone play during puberty

A
  • triggers growth and development of the penis and testes
  • causes the voice to deepen
  • triggers the growth of pubic hair
  • increases muscle mass
62
Q

what role does estrogen play during puberty

A
  • increases breast size
  • triggers the development of the uterus
  • it causes eggs to mature during the menstrual cycle
63
Q

where iso estrogen secreted from

A

the ovaries

64
Q

where is progesterone secreted from

A

the ovaries

65
Q

what happens day 1-4 of the menstrual cycle

A

the uterus lining is shed during menstruation

66
Q

what happens on day 4-14 of the menstrual cycle

A

the uterus lining then begins to grow again in preparation to receive an egg

67
Q

what happens on day 14 of the menstrual cycle

A

an egg is released

68
Q

what happens on day 14-28 of the menstrual cycle

A

the lining of the uterus is maintained

69
Q

what odes follicle stimulating hormone do

A

FSH stimulates the follicle to mature and release estrogen

70
Q

what does luteinizing hormone do

A

a surge in LH causes the release of an egg from a follicle

71
Q

what does progesterone do

A

progesterone maintains the womb lining

72
Q

what hormones does progesterone inhibit

A

progesterone inhibits follicle stimulating hormone(FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

73
Q

how doe estrogen pills work to prevent pregnancy

A

estrogen pills inhibit FSH which stops the egg from maturing

74
Q

how doe progesterone pills work to prevent pregnancy

A

progesterone pills cause a sticky muques to form at the cervix which prevents the sperm from fertilizing the egg

75
Q

give 4 different types of birth control

A
  • natural methods
  • barriers
  • chemicals
  • surgical methods
76
Q

give 2 examples of natural methods of birth control

A
  • abstinence
  • monitoring temperature and cervical mucus levels to predict ovulation
77
Q

give 2 examples of barriers that act as birth control

A

condoms - can be male or female condoms and prevent the sperm from entering the vagina
diaphragm - a silicone dome shaped object that is inserted into the vaigna to cover the cerivx

78
Q

give 5 examples of chemical methods of birth control

A
  • IUD
  • IUS
  • contraceptive pill
  • implant
  • injection
79
Q

briefly describe the use of an IUD as a contraceptive device

A

IUDs are small copper-coated tubes in a T shape that prevent sperm from reaching the egg and the copper works to kill the sperm

80
Q

describe the use of an IUS as a contraceptive device

A
  • intrauterine systems are very similar to inauterine devices except they release progesterone instead of copper
  • they thicken the cervical mucus and thin the worm lining
81
Q

describe the use of an implant device as a contraceptive device

A
  • the implant is a small matchstick sized device
  • inserted into the upper arm
  • it releases progestogen into the bloodstream which prevents ovulation
82
Q

how does the contraceptive pill work

A
  • it contains artificial versions of estrogen and progesterone which prevent pregnancy
  • prevents ovulation
  • thicken mucus
  • alters womb lining
83
Q

how does the contraceptive injection prevent pregnancy

A

it releases progesterone into the blood stream which prevents ovulation

84
Q

state 2 surgical methods of contraception

A
  • vasectomy
  • female sterilisation
85
Q

how does a vasectomy work to prevent pregnancy

A

the vas deferent are cut or tied which prevents sperm from being released form the testicles into the urethra

86
Q

how does female sterilisation work

A
  • the Fallopian tubes are blocked by clips or rings or they are cut
  • this prevents the release of an egg from the ovaries
87
Q

describe artificial insemination

A

sperm are placed within a woman’s uterus using a catheter

88
Q

describe how IVF is carried out

A
  • the mother is given FSH
  • sperm from the father and eggs from the mother are collected
  • the egg is fertilized in a laboratory and allowed to develop into an embryo
  • the embryo is then put into the mother’s uterus
89
Q

define STI

A

an infection caused by a pathogen that is transmitted through bodily fluids

90
Q

give an example of an STI

A

HIV

91
Q

state 3 ways of preventing the spread of STIs

A
  • wearing condoms during sex
  • education
    don’t share needles
92
Q

how is HIV spread

A

through bodily fluids

93
Q

what can HIV infection lead to

A

AIDS

94
Q

how does HIV affect the immune system

A
  • decreased lymphocyte numbers
  • white blood cells have a reduce ability to produce antibodies

Biology (9 decks)

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