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Biology > 14. Coordination And Response > Flashcards

14. Coordination And Response Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a nerve impulse

A

an electrical signal that passes along nerve cells

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2
Q

what is the difference between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system

A

the central nervous system is the brain and the spinal cord, the peripheral nervous system is every other part of the nervous system

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3
Q

what is voluntary action

A

an action completed with conscious thought and under our own will

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4
Q

what is involuntary action

A

an action completed without conscious thought

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5
Q

name the neurons shown below

A

sensory neurone

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6
Q

name the neurons shown below

A

relay neurone

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7
Q

name the neurons shown below

A

motor neurone

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8
Q

Describe the reflex arc

A

stimuli detected by a receptor

impulses passed along sensory neurons to relay neurons in the CNS

impulses passed along the motor neurons to effector

effectors brings about the response

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9
Q

what is a reflex action

A

a rapid response to a stimulus by an effector

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10
Q

what is a synapse

A

a junction between two neurones

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11
Q

label this diagram of a synapse

A
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12
Q

how is an impulse transmitted between two neurones

A

the impulse reaches the end of one neurone

vesicles release neurotransmitter into the synaptic gap

the neurotransmitter diffuses across the gap and binds to receptors in the membrane of the next neurone

a new impulse is triggered in the next neurone

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13
Q

what is the purpose of synapses

A

to ensure that impulses travel in one direction only

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14
Q

give 3 examples of drugs that affect synapses

A

alcohol

heroin

nicotine

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15
Q

what are sense organs

A

groups of cells that detect changes in the environment

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16
Q

identify the structures of the eye labelled in the diagram below

A
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17
Q

What is the cornea and what is its function

A

the transparent layer in front of the eye that protects the eye from damgae

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18
Q

what is the iris and what is its function

A

the colored ring around the pupil that controls its diameter

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19
Q

what is the pupil and what is its function

A

the pupil is the hole in the middle of the iris that lets light into the eye

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20
Q

what is the optic nerve and what is its function

A

the nerve coming out the back of the eye that sends signals to the brain

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21
Q

what is the function of the lens

A

the lens focuses the light rays onto the retina

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22
Q

state the response of the eye to bright light

A

the pupil decreases in diameter to let less light in

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23
Q

explain the response of the eye to bright light

A

the circular muscle contracts and the relaxes muscle relaxes, making the pupil smaller

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24
Q

state the response of he eye to a lack of light

A

the pupil increases in diameter to let more light in

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25
Q

explain the response of the eye to lack of light

A

the radial muscle contracts and the circular muscle relaxes, making the pupil larger

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26
Q

explain how the eye focuses on distant objects

A
  • the ciliary muscles loosen and the suspensory ligaments relax
  • the lens become thinner
  • light is refracted less
27
Q

explain how the eye focuses on near objects

A
  • the ciliary muscles contract and the suspensory ligaments loosen
  • the lens becomes thicker
  • light is refracted more
28
Q

describe the distribution of rods and cones in the human eye

A

mostly more rods than cones in the eye however in the fovea there are more cones than rods

29
Q

what is the fovea

A

an area on the retina with lots of photosensitive cells so it has the highest visual acuity

30
Q

what is the function of rods

A

they function in low light intensities

31
Q

what is the function of cones

A

there are 3 different types of cone cells that all help to detect color (red, green, blue)

32
Q

identify the fovea on the diagram below

A
33
Q

what is a hormone

A

a chemical secreted by a gland into the blood that brings about an affect on one or more target organs

34
Q

where are the adrenal glands located

A

behind the kidneys

35
Q

what hormone do the adrenal glands secrete

A

adrenaline

36
Q

where is the pancreas located

A

behind the stomach

37
Q

what hormones does the pancreas secrete

A

insulin

38
Q

what hormone do the tests secrete

A

testosterone

39
Q

what hormone do the ovaries secrete

A

oestrogen

40
Q

when is adrenaline secreted

A

during ‘flight or fight’ situations

41
Q

give 3 effects of adrenaline

A
  • widens pupil
  • increases heart rate
  • increases breathing rate
42
Q

give 3 examples when adrenaline secretion increases

A
  • during scary situations
  • during stressful situations
  • during exciting situations
43
Q

how does adrenaline cause an increase in heart rate

A
  • travels in the blood to the heart
  • binds to receptors on the heart cells
  • binding causes a cascade that increases the heart rate
44
Q

how does adrenaline cause an increase in blood glucose concentration

A
  • it travels in the blood to the liver
  • it binds to receptors on the liver cells and causes a cascade which causes glycogen to be broken down into glucose which enter the blood
45
Q

give 2 differences between the nervous system and the hormonal system

A
46
Q

what does estrogen do

A

estrogen causes the uterus lining to thicken

47
Q

what does testosterone do

A
  • main male sex hormone
  • involved in growth of testes and penis
  • triggers many changes in males during puberty
48
Q

what does insulin do in the body

A

insulin decreases blood glucose concentration

49
Q

define homeostasis

A

maintaining a constant internal environment within a set limits despite external change

50
Q

what mechanism is used to achieve homeostasis

A

a negative feedback mechanism

51
Q

what does insulin do in the body

A

insulin decreases blood glucose concentration

52
Q

what does glucagon do in the body

A

glucagon increases blood glucose concentration by increasing the conversion go glycogen to glucose in the liver

53
Q

give 3 symptoms of type 1 diabetes

A
  • feeling very thirsty
  • feeling very tired
  • blurred vision
54
Q

give 3 methods for treating type 1 diabetes

A
  • insulin injections
  • diet monitoring
  • pancreas transplant
55
Q

identify the structures of the skin labelled below

A
56
Q

Give 2 processes involving the skin that cool the body down

A

sweating - cools the body by evaporation

vasodilation -allows blood to flow closer to the surface of the skin where it can cool

57
Q

give 3 processes that work to keep the body warm

A
  • vasoconstriction
  • shivering
  • erection of hairs on the skin
58
Q

describe the process of vasodilation

A
  • the body detects a rise in temperature
  • blood vessels supplying the capillaries at the skin surface dilate
  • more blood flows closer to the skin where it can cool
59
Q

describe the process of vasoconstriction

A
  • the body detects a drop in temperature
  • blood vessels supplying the capillaries at the skin surface constrict
  • less blood flows closer to the skin surface so less heat is lost to the surroundings
60
Q

what is phototropism and which part of a plant is positively phototropic

A

phototropism is the growth of a plant towards a light source

the shoots are positively phototropic

61
Q

what is geotropism and which part of a plant is positively geotropic

A

geotropism is the growth of a plant towards the pull of gravity.

the roots are positively geotropic

62
Q

what are geotropism and phototropism examples of

A

they are examples of chemical control in plants

63
Q

explain how auxin controls shoot growth

A
  • auxin is made in the shoot tips of the plant and spreads. through the plant
  • it is unequally distributed in response to light and/or gravity
  • it stimulates cell elongation and the growth of the shoot on the side with most auxin
64
Q

why is the chemical 2, 4-D popular in synthetic weedkillers

A
  • the 2, 4-D is very effective in entering the plant but it cannot leave the plant and so it builds up and kills the plant
  • it is very specific to weeds and broad leaved plants rather than grasses and other similar vegetation

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