9 - SLT

Question 1

define social learning

Answer 1

learning about other agents or inanimate world that’s influenced by observation of/interaction with another individual or its products

Question 2

how is information encoded for the LTM

Answer 2

by same cognitive processes responsible in asocial learning

Question 3

Bandura said we respond to and influence what

Answer 3

respond to inner stimuli and external env

influence own motivation, development, bhvr

Question 4

define reciprocal determinism

Answer 4

influence by personal, bhvrs, and env factors which all interact w each other

Question 5

what are examples of personal factors

Answer 5

cognitions, emotions, biological variables contributing to inner state influencing bhvr and env

Question 6

active processes are involved in what part of observational learning

Answer 6

judgements and construction of symbolic representations of observed bhvrs which guide future bhvr in similar situations

Question 7

define forethought in OL

Answer 7

anticipating the outcomes of bhvr by being aware of consequences which can motivate us so we keep practising to perfect

Question 8

define modelling in OL

Answer 8

someone performing a novel bhvr so the observer can carry the same bhvr out

Question 9

what increases the likelihood of copying a model

Answer 9

attributes, e.g. feeling incompetent
+ive consequences of imitating the bhvr
being similar to model
simple bhvr

Question 10

define self-reinforcement

Answer 10

evaluating own bhvr and stopping if doesn’t bring pleasure or is harmful or continuing if it brings +ive reinforcement

Question 11

define stimulus enhancement

Answer 11

attention focused on a particular aspect of the env as a result of observing the individual interact w that environmental aspect

Question 12

define observational conditioning

Answer 12

learning the +/-ive properties of a stimulus by observing another’s response to it

Question 13

what are ways of learning from others to achieve an action or goal without copying exact same body movements

Answer 13

affordance learning
emulation
object movement re-enactment

Question 14

define affordance learning

Answer 14

learn affordances of an object (how it works) by observing another interact w it

Question 15

what is affordance learning used to generate

Answer 15

actions varying in their degree of match to observed actions

Question 16

what can knowledge about variances in the task observed from affordance learning be used for

Answer 16

discriminate affordance learning from other processes

Question 17

define emulation

Answer 17

learning about the environment, not bhvr, therefore events outside the model’s boundary and an object’s function as a tool

Question 18

what does the observer do in emulation

Answer 18

watches the actions and copies the outcome of the actions, not the specific actions, can be different and unobserved actions to achieve the outcome

Question 19

define object movement re-enactment

Answer 19

copying what the object does or model does with it

Question 20

what does the observer do in object movement re-enactment

Answer 20

watches actions using an object and copies the movement of the object but not necessarily actions themselves

Question 21

define imitation

Answer 21

watching an individual copying some part of the form of an action, producing same configural body movements to copy exact actions

Question 22

imitation in a result of what

Answer 22

stimulus-response associations between seeing and performing actions

Question 23

we only learn what during imitation

Answer 23

the behaviour within the model’s boundaries

Question 24

how can imitated actions be unlearnt

Answer 24

through incompatible sensorimotor experience

Question 25

how may mirror neurons play a role in imitation

Answer 25

fire when we do an action and watch someone do exact same action, indicating awareness of intentionality so we anticipate future likely course of actions

Question 26

define asocial learning

Answer 26

learning about other agents/inanimate world not influenced by observation of/interaction w another individual or its products

Question 27

what is trial and error learning

Answer 27

repeatedly engaging in actions and resulting in many errors before learning is complete

Question 28

define directed learning (a form of asocial learning)

Answer 28

bhvr of observed individual is adapted or intended to communicate info to the observer and is mediated by language or other forms of symbolic communication

Question 29

when learning from teaching, signalling, and communication what do we do

Answer 29

watch an individual who adapts or communicates info to observer

Question 30

what are 3 types of biases

Answer 30

perceptual, attentional, motivational

Question 31

what is a perceptual bias

Answer 31

better able to see others' bhvr

Question 32

what is an attentional bhvr

Answer 32

processes perceptual input from others more thoroughly

Question 33

what's a motivational bias

Answer 33

tracking others' movements more closely w less antagonism

Question 34

biases can be due to what 2 things

Answer 34

natural selection and being innate but more likely due to learning

Question 35

how do we learn biases through learning

Answer 35

attend to social stimuli through associative learning so become more attentive to them due to experience of them giving reliable info ab resources' availability and location

Question 36

what are 3 environmental differences

Answer 36

neglect cultural/contextual differences reward

Question 37

how can neglect affect learning

Answer 37

little social input may mean display less of a tendency to learn from others since not learnt paying attention to others is useful

Question 38

how does reward affect learning

Answer 38

seeing others rewarded for social learning can promote it

Question 39

how do cultural differences affect learning

Answer 39

some cultures may promote learning more from others, e.g. collectivist

Question 40

how do contextual differences affect learning

Answer 40

aversive social contexts can lead to one not learning from others as learn it isn't rewarding

Question 41

when and how do we choose who to learn from

Answer 41

when uncertain the majority successful individuals

Question 42

how do successful individuals cause learning

Answer 42

they have been rewarded, promoting learning

Question 43

why do we copy the majority

Answer 43

learning increases proportion to the number of times the relationship btwn events is experienced

Question 44

why do we copy when uncertain

Answer 44

outcomes are unpredictable or uncertain | shows how high prediction error means lots of learning

Question 45

why is imitation a social glue

Answer 45

improves social rltps amd increases +ive outcomes and leads to more positive evaluation of interactions

Question 46

in an automatic imitation study with compatible or incompatible actions, what were the results

Answer 46

incompatible: took longer and less accurate showing how imitation is automatic and we have to consciously stop it

Question 47

the study found what when investigating learning and not learning to imitate

Answer 47

incompatible condition took longer on compatible trials, showing how incompatible training abolishes automatic imitation

Question 48

Hammond found what about contingency

Answer 48

contiguity and contingency increased response and perceptual control and same contiguity and lower contingency lowered responding

Question 49

a study about compatibility and contingency and imitation found what

Answer 49

contingent groups show more learning and less imitation suggesting imitation needs contingency, supporting assoc learning's role

Question 50

results of study on how context-dependency affects imitation

Answer 50

more learning and less imitation when contexts different in learning and imitation

Question 51

contingency driving social effects may also mean what

Answer 51

assoc learning underlies more complex social effects

Question 52

define similarity

Answer 52

imitator performs same movement as actor

Question 53

define contingency

Answer 53

actor performs movement predictive of imitator's movement

Question 54

what were the results of the contrasting similarity and conteingency study

Answer 54

similarity -ively predicts enjoyment but contingency +ively predicts enjoyment, closeness, and contingent group are more likely to help