3 - Heritability

Question 1

define heritability

Answer 1

extent to which variance of phenotype is due to genotypic variance

Question 2

what is H2

Answer 2

the estimate of average proportion of variance of any behaviour thought to be accounted for genetic factors across the population

Question 3

what is genotype

Answer 3

the DNA for construction and maintenance of organisms

Question 4

what is phenotype

Answer 4

organisms’ outward characteristics influenced by shared and non shared environments plus additive genetic variation

Question 5

define endophenotype

Answer 5

manifestation of bhvr, intelligence, or personality directly coded for by genetics

Question 6

is heritability fixed and constant

Answer 6

no, as it can change with the environment

Question 7

what are three types of environmental effects on personality

Answer 7

biological and maternal effects
family
schooling

Question 8

what are 5 biological and maternal effects

Answer 8

nutrition
lead exposure
prenatal factors
maternal effects
culture

Question 9

how does nutrition affect personality

Answer 9

vitamin-mineral supplements increase IQ but is controversial

longer breastfeeding means relatively higher IQ and verbal intelligence

Question 10

how does lead exposure affect personality

Answer 10

higher blood lead conc means lower IQ although may be due to circumstances causing exposure not actual exposure

Question 11

how do prenatal conditions affect personality

Answer 11

heavily smoking reduces IQ test performance when sons are 18/19

Question 12

is FAS related to IQ

Answer 12

no

Question 13

name some effects of FAS

Answer 13

memory problems
poor spatial relationship skills
abstract thinking deficits

Question 14

what do maternal effects on personality show

Answer 14

prenatal conditions affect genetic variation and concordance rate between twins meaning the environment interacts with biology

Question 15

in Western culture what is a sign of intelligence and so is promoted

Answer 15

decontextualisation: detaching self from a situation and thinking abstractly

Question 16

how does family SES affect personality

Answer 16

higher SES significantly increases IQ even when other factors are considered and childhood SES has enduring effects

Question 17

why is SES as a factor of intelligence disputed

Answer 17

high SES have more resources and ability to provide better education and nutrition

Question 18

what effect increases with childhood SES

Answer 18

additive genetic effect

Question 19

effect of family size and birth order on IQ

Answer 19

larger families and being born later lower IQ, both of which interact with each pther

Question 20

how does education affect intelligence and vice versa

Answer 20

schooling increases intelligence-related abilities

intelligence affects schooling length and attendance

Question 21

difference between narrow and broad heritability

Answer 21

narrow has only additive genetic variation

broad has additive and non-additive, e.g. dominance and epistasis

Question 22

how can genes change the environment

Answer 22

passive
child effects
parent effects

Question 23

what is the passive model

Answer 23

children have a behaviour because they and their parent share the same gene

Question 24

what is the child effects model

Answer 24

gene causes a behaviour in the child leading to the parent doing the same behaviour, so child does it even more

Question 25

what is the parent effects model

Answer 25

parent has a gene causing them to respond in a certain way to the child's behaviour so children do their parent's behaviour

Question 26

what do twin studies not take into account concerning the child effects model

Answer 26

that one twin has a gene for a certain bhvr, creating a certain env, which the other twin learns

Question 27

what is the Wilson Effect

Answer 27

MZ twins concordance rate of bhvrs increases w age but DZ become less similar in age

Question 28

what may be a cause of the Wilson effect related to gene activation

Answer 28

genes which activate only in adolescence or adulthood

Question 29

Wilson effect cause related to choosing own environment

Answer 29

choosing own env and controlling own bhvr can lead to acting in accordance to genetic predisposition so genes expressed parents choose env when younger so doesn't happen

Question 30

what is the additive assumption

Answer 30

only genetics and the environment determine phenotype

Question 31

criticisms of additive assumption

Answer 31

estimate environment without directly measuring it | a large genetic estimate assumes a small env effect which may also be large

Question 32

what did the hereditary genius study find

Answer 32

more about inherited social standing than intelligence since many judges had more than one first degree successful relatives

Question 33

what must be considered about assortative mating

Answer 33

mating isn't random so 50% similarity btwn parent and child may be higher

Question 34

H2 equation?

Answer 34

2 * (MZ correlation - DZ correlation)

Question 35

why do twin studies have representability issues

Answer 35

MZ have more similar environments | H2 higher than in adoption, possibly due to genetic overestimation

Question 36

why may twin studies not be externally valid

Answer 36

twins share prenatal env, non-twins don't

Question 37

adoption personality studied have found what

Answer 37

stronger correlation between biological parent and child for personality dimensions than adopting parent

Question 38

define personality paradox

Answer 38

debating whether we behave due to the situation we're in or our personality, w evidence suggesting we don't behave in ways predicted by traits

Question 39

(pers paradox) what is there little evidence to support

Answer 39

that behaviour is consistent across different situations

Question 40

(pers paradox) Mischel said that personality coefficients may be high but not observed because of what

Answer 40

not measuring relationship between traits and behaviour correctly since no reliability as not using multiple measurements

Question 41

the cognitive affective processing system states what

Answer 41

the cognitive affective personality system predicts how we'll behave based on traits driven by it and the state

Question 42

the cognitive affective processing system states what influences the cognitive affective personality system

Answer 42

genetic background culture and society biological history cognitive, social, and learning history

Question 43

(CAPrS) what are cognitive affective units made up of

Answer 43

LT goals, self-reg systems, values, emotional states

Question 44

CAPrS produces type 1 and 2 consistencies based on what

Answer 44

situation feature processing and cognitive affective units organisation

Question 45

what is type 1 consistency

Answer 45

traits describing what people are generally like

Question 46

what is type 2 consistency

Answer 46

behavioural signatures of personality showing distinctive patterns of behaviour in similar situations

Question 47

a study into happiness found what about daily activities

Answer 47

lottery winners rated everyday activities as less pleasurable as compare activities to baseline in previous experiences, e.g. euphoria when winning

Question 48

the happiness study found what about rating themselves

Answer 48

winners rated self more happy in the past but same in present and future

Question 49

the happiness study found what about anticipating the future to be happier

Answer 49

winners did not anticipate a happier future due to prev experience as they were already v happy

Question 50

the marshmallow test found what

Answer 50

ability to delay gratification means more successful later in life and the test predicts strengths of domains

Question 51

criticism of marshmallow test

Answer 51

indicates self-control is inherited/learnt but can train children to reg their behaviour so can change traits

Question 52

how does CBT show traits are changeable

Answer 52

it would be useless as CBT aims to change traits and sometimes results in ppl behaving discordantly w their traits

Question 53

Seligman found what

Answer 53

writing down 3 good things a day improves mood and causes higher happiness in the LT