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1 - Approaches Flashcards

1
Q

state Allport’s definition of personality

A

dynamic organisation, inside the person, of psychosocial systems creating one’s characteristic patterns of bhvrs, thoughts, feelings

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2
Q

define psychophysical

A

inclusion of mind and body when referring to personality

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3
Q

how is personality a psychological construct

A

it’s a mental concept influencing bhvr through mind-body interaction

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4
Q

why is personality dynamic

A

it is continually adjusting and adapting to experiences and changes

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5
Q

why is personality stable and enduring across social contexts

A

develop characteristic patterns

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6
Q

mind and body interact to do what

A

produce complex bhvrs

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7
Q

bhvrs, thoughts, and feelings make personality what type of component

A

distinguishable, central, influential in experiences and activities

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8
Q

personality includes which two types of characteristics

A

observable

unobservable (thoughts, memories, dreasm)

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9
Q

personality as which two types of personas

A

public: how we present ourselves
private: real self

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10
Q

Jung states there are which 4 structures of personality and in what order are they in

A

ego
personal unconscious
collective unconscious
archetypes

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11
Q

Jung defined ego as what

A

unifying force at centre of consciousness responsible for identity and continuity

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12
Q

Jung’s ego deals w what

A

conscious thoughts/feelings related to bhvrs, feelings, memories of prev experiences

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13
Q

Personal unconscious does what

A

contains personal experiences blocked from awareness as they’re unacceptable

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14
Q

Collective unconscious has what

A

origins in human dev and is innate, stores human and pre-human ancestry, and has archetypes

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15
Q

the innate ideas in the collective unconscious lead to humans doing what

A

organising worlds in innately predetermined ways

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16
Q

define archetypes

A

universal themes and symbols lying which can be projected onto current experiences under certain conditions

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17
Q

when do archetypes exert influence

A

real-life situations, dreams, fantasies

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18
Q

Jung has two personality types humans incorporate both of which are?

A

extraversion and introversion, one of which predominates

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19
Q

define Jung’s extraversion

A

focus more on external world and contents of consciousness refer mainly to external objs

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20
Q

define Jung’s introversion

A

hesitant, reflective nature, contents of consciousness refer more to themselves

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21
Q

Jung said ppl relate to the world through which three axes

A

sensing-thinking
feeling-intuitive
judging-perceiving

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22
Q

define psyche

A

total personality and complex network of opposing forces which develop tries to create harmony w

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23
Q

(PA) what is the motivating force behind bhvr

A

psychic energy

libido

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24
Q

what is principle of equivalence (PA)

A

activity increased in one psyche part is decreased correspondingly in another

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25
(PA) what is principle of entropy
drive to create balanced energies across psyche to express more of self in bhvr
26
(PA) what is principle of opposites
conscious and unconscious forces continually opposed creating energy
27
(PA) define teleology
past and future goals influence bhvr
28
(PA) define self-realisation
continuously working towards achieving our potential and accepting self in process and is the endpoint of dev
29
define lexical approach
important indiv diffs btwn ppl become encoded as single terms
30
(lex) how are personality traits described
identify and count number of words w freq of use corresponding w importance
31
how is the importance of a t in trait describing personality shown (lex)
the number of words there are referring to that trait
32
how are traits related to NS (lex)
have physical presence
33
(lex) when traits come together they produce what
uniqueness and a unified personality evolving and changing to adapt to and cope with new situations
34
(lex) define personal disposition
unique characteristics of an individual emphasing their uniqueness
35
(lex) what are cardinal traits
single traits dominating personality and heavily influencing bhvr
36
(lex) what are central traits
5-10 traits best describing personality
37
(lex) what are secondary traits
preferences becoming evident in some but not core situations
38
(lex) what is a self-concept
form of sense of self-identity developing throughout life when child is aware they're separate
39
define factor analysis
grouping most frequently used sets of words describing personality under the basic components
40
what is Cattel's definition of personality
an individual's characteristics allowing prediction of how they'll behave in a specific situation
41
(fa) source traits are responsible for what
observed variance in surface traits and represent actual underlying personality structure
42
(fa) Cattel produced what to determine G/E contribution to traits
Multiple Abstract Variance Analysis
43
(fa) what do ability traits determine
how well one deals with a situation and reaches a goal in it
44
(fa) what are temperament traits
how we approach life, how relaxed we are, and how easily irritated
45
what are dynamic traits (fa)
traits motivating and energising behaviour including attitudes, sentiments, and ergs
46
(fa) how are factors produced
using data, results from samples taken and factor analysed to identify clustering attributes based on high correlations btwn factors within the clusters
47
what is the 16 PF model
represents the basic structures of personality w each being a continuum w a +ive and -ive end
48
Eysenck defined personality how
the way an individual's character temperament, intelligence, physique, and NS are organised
49
(E) how is the ascending reticular activating system formed
connects to thalamus, hypothalamus, and cortex to balance excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms
50
(E) which circuits in the ARAS manage arousal
reticulo-cortical and reticulo-limbic circuit systems
51
(E) how does personality link with responses
arousal is information and stimulation processing in the ascending reticular activating system
52
(E) when continually overaroused what happens
stimulation is avoided, such as introverts avoiding exciting situations
53
(E) what is the order of personality structure
personality type/super trait specific response habitual response trait
54
(E) E-I depends on what system
the reticulo-cortical activating system which manages arousal by incoming stimuli
55
(E) high arousal leads to which 2 personality types
introvert - already overactive and anxious so takes little stimuli to get into stress zone neurotic
56
(E) low arousal leads to which 2 personality types
extrovert - underactive NS and need more stimuli to become overloaded as not stressed easily emotionally stable
57
(E) neuroticism-stability relies on which system
reticulo-limbic system which as arousal input from emotional stimuli
58
(E) define psychoticism
antisocial, don't see consequences, no remorse, neurotics free from anxiety and fear
59
the Big Five model used which approaches
lexical, FA
60
how is BF data driven
factor analysed data and described it meaning no theory why ppl are OCEAN
61
Gray stated personality is based on interaction between which 3 systems
Behavioural Approach System Behaviour Inhibition System Fight-Flight-Freeze System
62
(Gray) describe BAS
motivation, become sensitive to and seek rewards. resulting in attraction to ppl. objs, and events
63
what are the 2 continuums of BAS (Gray)
impulsive-not impulsive | reward seeking-non reward seeking
64
describe BIS (Gray)
motivation to avoid things and motivations conditioned to sensitive to punishment and non-rewards causing anxiety
65
what is BIS continuum (Gray)
highly anxious-non anxious
66
(Gray) which system manages which 2 systems
BIS manages BAS and FFFS to determine which bhvr is least punishing and which is most rewarding
67
three negatives of the lex
impossible to predict bhvr no standardised measures list too long to assess personality
68
two positives of FA
used empirically based work | Cattel's work revised to increase internal reliability
69
3 positives of Eysenck
primary factors found in 24 nations showing genetic basis heuristic value EPQs show same structures in adults and children
70
2 positives of BF
supported by MBTI | compatible w Cattel and Eysenck
71
3 negatives of Cattel
didn't acknowledge subjectivity obscure labels doesn't simplify construct
72
2 negatives of Eysenck
doesn't pay much attention to social context bhvr which can affect personality and bhvr too parsimonious as only has 3 factors
73
2 positives of Jung
personality types operationalised and measured | MBTI measures it
74
4 negatives of Jung
doesn't describe how personality develops confusing and complex unfalsifiable as can't be measured/tested

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