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1 - Approaches Flashcards

1
Q

state Allport’s definition of personality

A

dynamic organisation, inside the person, of psychosocial systems creating one’s characteristic patterns of bhvrs, thoughts, feelings

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2
Q

define psychophysical

A

inclusion of mind and body when referring to personality

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3
Q

how is personality a psychological construct

A

it’s a mental concept influencing bhvr through mind-body interaction

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4
Q

why is personality dynamic

A

it is continually adjusting and adapting to experiences and changes

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5
Q

why is personality stable and enduring across social contexts

A

develop characteristic patterns

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6
Q

mind and body interact to do what

A

produce complex bhvrs

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7
Q

bhvrs, thoughts, and feelings make personality what type of component

A

distinguishable, central, influential in experiences and activities

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8
Q

personality includes which two types of characteristics

A

observable

unobservable (thoughts, memories, dreasm)

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9
Q

personality as which two types of personas

A

public: how we present ourselves
private: real self

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10
Q

Jung states there are which 4 structures of personality and in what order are they in

A

ego
personal unconscious
collective unconscious
archetypes

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11
Q

Jung defined ego as what

A

unifying force at centre of consciousness responsible for identity and continuity

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12
Q

Jung’s ego deals w what

A

conscious thoughts/feelings related to bhvrs, feelings, memories of prev experiences

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13
Q

Personal unconscious does what

A

contains personal experiences blocked from awareness as they’re unacceptable

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14
Q

Collective unconscious has what

A

origins in human dev and is innate, stores human and pre-human ancestry, and has archetypes

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15
Q

the innate ideas in the collective unconscious lead to humans doing what

A

organising worlds in innately predetermined ways

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16
Q

define archetypes

A

universal themes and symbols lying which can be projected onto current experiences under certain conditions

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17
Q

when do archetypes exert influence

A

real-life situations, dreams, fantasies

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18
Q

Jung has two personality types humans incorporate both of which are?

A

extraversion and introversion, one of which predominates

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19
Q

define Jung’s extraversion

A

focus more on external world and contents of consciousness refer mainly to external objs

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20
Q

define Jung’s introversion

A

hesitant, reflective nature, contents of consciousness refer more to themselves

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21
Q

Jung said ppl relate to the world through which three axes

A

sensing-thinking
feeling-intuitive
judging-perceiving

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22
Q

define psyche

A

total personality and complex network of opposing forces which develop tries to create harmony w

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23
Q

(PA) what is the motivating force behind bhvr

A

psychic energy

libido

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24
Q

what is principle of equivalence (PA)

A

activity increased in one psyche part is decreased correspondingly in another

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25
Q

(PA) what is principle of entropy

A

drive to create balanced energies across psyche to express more of self in bhvr

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26
Q

(PA) what is principle of opposites

A

conscious and unconscious forces continually opposed creating energy

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27
Q

(PA) define teleology

A

past and future goals influence bhvr

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28
Q

(PA) define self-realisation

A

continuously working towards achieving our potential and accepting self in process and is the endpoint of dev

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29
Q

define lexical approach

A

important indiv diffs btwn ppl become encoded as single terms

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30
Q

(lex) how are personality traits described

A

identify and count number of words w freq of use corresponding w importance

31
Q

how is the importance of a t in trait describing personality shown (lex)

A

the number of words there are referring to that trait

32
Q

how are traits related to NS (lex)

A

have physical presence

33
Q

(lex) when traits come together they produce what

A

uniqueness and a unified personality evolving and changing to adapt to and cope with new situations

34
Q

(lex) define personal disposition

A

unique characteristics of an individual emphasing their uniqueness

35
Q

(lex) what are cardinal traits

A

single traits dominating personality and heavily influencing bhvr

36
Q

(lex) what are central traits

A

5-10 traits best describing personality

37
Q

(lex) what are secondary traits

A

preferences becoming evident in some but not core situations

38
Q

(lex) what is a self-concept

A

form of sense of self-identity developing throughout life when child is aware they’re separate

39
Q

define factor analysis

A

grouping most frequently used sets of words describing personality under the basic components

40
Q

what is Cattel’s definition of personality

A

an individual’s characteristics allowing prediction of how they’ll behave in a specific situation

41
Q

(fa) source traits are responsible for what

A

observed variance in surface traits and represent actual underlying personality structure

42
Q

(fa) Cattel produced what to determine G/E contribution to traits

A

Multiple Abstract Variance Analysis

43
Q

(fa) what do ability traits determine

A

how well one deals with a situation and reaches a goal in it

44
Q

(fa) what are temperament traits

A

how we approach life, how relaxed we are, and how easily irritated

45
Q

what are dynamic traits (fa)

A

traits motivating and energising behaviour including attitudes, sentiments, and ergs

46
Q

(fa) how are factors produced

A

using data, results from samples taken and factor analysed to identify clustering attributes based on high correlations btwn factors within the clusters

47
Q

what is the 16 PF model

A

represents the basic structures of personality w each being a continuum w a +ive and -ive end

48
Q

Eysenck defined personality how

A

the way an individual’s character temperament, intelligence, physique, and NS are organised

49
Q

(E) how is the ascending reticular activating system formed

A

connects to thalamus, hypothalamus, and cortex to balance excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms

50
Q

(E) which circuits in the ARAS manage arousal

A

reticulo-cortical and reticulo-limbic circuit systems

51
Q

(E) how does personality link with responses

A

arousal is information and stimulation processing in the ascending reticular activating system

52
Q

(E) when continually overaroused what happens

A

stimulation is avoided, such as introverts avoiding exciting situations

53
Q

(E) what is the order of personality structure

A

personality type/super trait
specific response
habitual response
trait

54
Q

(E) E-I depends on what system

A

the reticulo-cortical activating system which manages arousal by incoming stimuli

55
Q

(E) high arousal leads to which 2 personality types

A

introvert - already overactive and anxious so takes little stimuli to get into stress zone
neurotic

56
Q

(E) low arousal leads to which 2 personality types

A

extrovert - underactive NS and need more stimuli to become overloaded as not stressed easily
emotionally stable

57
Q

(E) neuroticism-stability relies on which system

A

reticulo-limbic system which as arousal input from emotional stimuli

58
Q

(E) define psychoticism

A

antisocial, don’t see consequences, no remorse, neurotics free from anxiety and fear

59
Q

the Big Five model used which approaches

A

lexical, FA

60
Q

how is BF data driven

A

factor analysed data and described it meaning no theory why ppl are OCEAN

61
Q

Gray stated personality is based on interaction between which 3 systems

A

Behavioural Approach System
Behaviour Inhibition System
Fight-Flight-Freeze System

62
Q

(Gray) describe BAS

A

motivation, become sensitive to and seek rewards. resulting in attraction to ppl. objs, and events

63
Q

what are the 2 continuums of BAS (Gray)

A

impulsive-not impulsive

reward seeking-non reward seeking

64
Q

describe BIS (Gray)

A

motivation to avoid things and motivations conditioned to sensitive to punishment and non-rewards causing anxiety

65
Q

what is BIS continuum (Gray)

A

highly anxious-non anxious

66
Q

(Gray) which system manages which 2 systems

A

BIS manages BAS and FFFS to determine which bhvr is least punishing and which is most rewarding

67
Q

three negatives of the lex

A

impossible to predict bhvr
no standardised measures
list too long to assess personality

68
Q

two positives of FA

A

used empirically based work

Cattel’s work revised to increase internal reliability

69
Q

3 positives of Eysenck

A

primary factors found in 24 nations showing genetic basis
heuristic value
EPQs show same structures in adults and children

70
Q

2 positives of BF

A

supported by MBTI

compatible w Cattel and Eysenck

71
Q

3 negatives of Cattel

A

didn’t acknowledge subjectivity
obscure labels
doesn’t simplify construct

72
Q

2 negatives of Eysenck

A

doesn’t pay much attention to social context bhvr which can affect personality and bhvr
too parsimonious as only has 3 factors

73
Q

2 positives of Jung

A

personality types operationalised and measured

MBTI measures it

74
Q

4 negatives of Jung

A

doesn’t describe how personality develops
confusing and complex
unfalsifiable as can’t be measured/tested

Individual (9 decks)

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