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Individual > 4 - Behaviourism > Flashcards

4 - Behaviourism Flashcards

1
Q

define learning

A

relatively permanent change in bhvr as a consequence of experience

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2
Q

unconditioned stimulus has what response

A

unconditioned response

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3
Q

neutral stimulus has what response

A

no conditioned response

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4
Q

what two stimuli are associated

A

neutral stimulus and unconditioned response so neutral stim becomes conditioned stim

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5
Q

define contiguity

A

link between the stimulus and response occuring

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6
Q

define simultaneous conditioning

A

when the CS and US are presented at the same time

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7
Q

define delayed conditioning

A

when the CS signals the arrival of the US

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8
Q

define trace conditioning

A

series of distractor stimuli presented between the presentation of the CS and US - least effective as not directly signalling US arrival

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9
Q

what conditoning type is most effective and why

A

delayed as CS predicts US arrival and prepare for it by generating the UR

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10
Q

Cohen Kadosh had what experimental conditions

A 
predictable scream (high contiguity), unpredictable (low), no scream
measuered high vs low anxiety
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11
Q

Cohen Kadosh found what results

A

anxiety was highest when scream was predictable and lowest when it was unpredictable

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12
Q

Descartes’ reflex action is what

A

for every action of the body there is a stimulus making it happen, and the stim leads to a response

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13
Q

what is Thorndike’s puzzle box

A

cat in puzzle box; if they accidentaly came across lever which opened the box this would be reinforced

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14
Q

in Thorndike’s puzzle box, what had to happen before cats made the link between the door opening and level pressing

A

they had to press the lever opening the box several times

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15
Q

define Morgan’s canon

A

bhvr shouldn’t be explained by complex high level processes if it can be exampled w simpler ones

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16
Q

what is Thorndike’s Law of Effect

A

when an action/response is rewarded, the response is strengthened but if the action/response is caused by discomfort, the response weakens

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17
Q

define radical behaviourism

A

all differences in personality are explained by learning history and we are born as blank slates

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18
Q

how does radical bhvrsm explain introversion

A

associate public speaking w anxiety and stress which is reinforced over time

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19
Q

how does radical bhvrsm explain extroversion

A

learnt assoc btwn reactions of them and feelings

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20
Q

what is experimental neuroses

A

dog conditioned to salivate to circles so can distinguish btwn circles and elipses

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21
Q

in experimental neuroses, what happened when the disctintion btwn circles and elipses became harder

A

dog became more distressed, disorganised bhvr, preponderance of neurotic symptoms and developed neuroticism as couldn’t cope

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22
Q

Skinner stated that experiencing aversive bhvrs when preparing to attend to stimuli leads to what

A

a change in bhvr and feelings as stimuli make u behave how u do

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23
Q

why did Skinner suggest CC is too simplistic

A

CS signals US not just stimulus -> response

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24
Q

Skinner defined shaping as what

A

firstly reward general bhvrs then start rewarding more and more specific ones to train niche bhvrs

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25
Q

define operant conditioning

A

outcome reinforces a bhvr so learn there’s a link with the response and outcome

26
Q

what is a positive reinforcer

A

doing a bhvr so the outcome happens, typically a reward

27
Q

Thorndike defined a positive reinforcer as what

A

something we don’t try to avoid and doing things to maintain/renew it

28
Q

what is a negative reinforcer

A

doing a bhvr to avoid experiencing something unpleasant

29
Q

Dollard and Miller theorised there are what

A

inner causations for bhvr which we respond to and our thoughts are reinforcing

30
Q

(D&M) define unconscious processes

A

unaware of processes as we acquired them before learning to talk

31
Q

(D&M) what learnt processes do we do to unconscious cues

A

repress them

fail to label -ive thoughts/memories as hard to recall and doing so reinforces -ive experience

32
Q

(D&M) personality is composed of what

A

learnt habits

33
Q

(D&M) bhvr is motivated by what

A

wanting to reduce primary and secondary drives and new bhvrs learnt during this

34
Q

(D&M) define primary drives

A

innate psychological drives assoc w ensuring survival or the indiv, motivating bhvr

35
Q

(D&M) reducing primary derives acts as what

A

a powerful reinforcer

36
Q

(D&M) define primary reinforcers

A

things we need to live which fulfil primary drives

37
Q

(D&M) define secondary drives

A

learnt to help cope w primary drives

38
Q

(D&M) define secondary reinforcers

A

assoc w being able to fulfil primary drives

39
Q

(D&M) what is approach-aproach conflict

A

two things being equally rewarding

40
Q

(D&M) what is avoidance-avoidance conflict

A

two things being equally unrewarding

41
Q

(D&M) what is approach-avoidance conflict

A

something being rewarding and unrewarding

42
Q

(Premack) the value of a reward is what

A

variable and depends on current state

43
Q

(Premack) when thinking ab outcomes and rewards/punishments what win’t be the same

A

the outcome and its effect wont always the same all the time

44
Q

(Premack) what happens if the rat is water deprived

A

it drinks more than it runs and drinking water reinforces running so it will run for water

45
Q

(Premack) what happens if rat isn’t water deprived

A

runs more than it drinks so running reinforces drinking and it licks water to run

46
Q

what is a ratio schedule

A

reinforces bhvr nased on raito of animal’s responses

47
Q

what is an interval schedule

A

reinforce bhvr in specific time intervals

48
Q

what is a variable schedule

A

no systematic pattern of bhvr or time

49
Q

what is a fixed schedyle

A

fixed time or ratio of responses

50
Q

variable-ratio schedule is what

A

ratio of # of times bhvr performed before reward occurs is random

51
Q

fixed-ratio schedule is what

A

doing bhvr a set # of times will lead to a reward

52
Q

variable-interval schedule is what

A

reward will always come but time intervals are random

53
Q

fixed-interval schedule is what

A

receive reward in fixed time intervals

54
Q

which schedule is easiest to extinguish

A

variable-ratio as know reward will come but don’t know when, as soon as we start unlearning the asocc we get a reward reinforcing it

55
Q

which schedule is easiest to extinguish

A

fixed-interval as if rewards stop then we stop doing the bhvr as contingency not as concrete

56
Q

define goal-based bhvr

A

learning an assoc btwn a bhvr and outcome so it’s meaningful

57
Q

define habitual bhvr

A

presence of a stimulus leads to a response, and the assoc has no meaning

58
Q

Coleill and Rescorla found animals preferred which response

A

response 2 over response 1 as 2 led to food and 1 led to illness

59
Q

Coleill and Rescorla found rats preferred which responses in orange (1=1 2=2) and blue(1=2 2=1) lights

A

orange - preferred response 1

blue - preferred response 2 meaning they did learn the assoc

60
Q

when do habits form

A

when the assoc of response to outcome becomes meaningless so engage in stimulus-response bhvr

61
Q

why did animals engage w response 1 if they learnt it led to illness?

A

over-training led to habits forming w the outcome becoming meaningless

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