4 - Behaviourism

Question 1

define learning

Answer 1

relatively permanent change in bhvr as a consequence of experience

Question 2

unconditioned stimulus has what response

Answer 2

unconditioned response

Question 3

neutral stimulus has what response

Answer 3

no conditioned response

Question 4

what two stimuli are associated

Answer 4

neutral stimulus and unconditioned response so neutral stim becomes conditioned stim

Question 5

define contiguity

Answer 5

link between the stimulus and response occuring

Question 6

define simultaneous conditioning

Answer 6

when the CS and US are presented at the same time

Question 7

define delayed conditioning

Answer 7

when the CS signals the arrival of the US

Question 8

define trace conditioning

Answer 8

series of distractor stimuli presented between the presentation of the CS and US - least effective as not directly signalling US arrival

Question 9

what conditoning type is most effective and why

Answer 9

delayed as CS predicts US arrival and prepare for it by generating the UR

Question 10

Cohen Kadosh had what experimental conditions

Answer 10

predictable scream (high contiguity), unpredictable (low), no scream
measuered high vs low anxiety

Question 11

Cohen Kadosh found what results

Answer 11

anxiety was highest when scream was predictable and lowest when it was unpredictable

Question 12

Descartes’ reflex action is what

Answer 12

for every action of the body there is a stimulus making it happen, and the stim leads to a response

Question 13

what is Thorndike’s puzzle box

Answer 13

cat in puzzle box; if they accidentaly came across lever which opened the box this would be reinforced

Question 14

in Thorndike’s puzzle box, what had to happen before cats made the link between the door opening and level pressing

Answer 14

they had to press the lever opening the box several times

Question 15

define Morgan’s canon

Answer 15

bhvr shouldn’t be explained by complex high level processes if it can be exampled w simpler ones

Question 16

what is Thorndike’s Law of Effect

Answer 16

when an action/response is rewarded, the response is strengthened but if the action/response is caused by discomfort, the response weakens

Question 17

define radical behaviourism

Answer 17

all differences in personality are explained by learning history and we are born as blank slates

Question 18

how does radical bhvrsm explain introversion

Answer 18

associate public speaking w anxiety and stress which is reinforced over time

Question 19

how does radical bhvrsm explain extroversion

Answer 19

learnt assoc btwn reactions of them and feelings

Question 20

what is experimental neuroses

Answer 20

dog conditioned to salivate to circles so can distinguish btwn circles and elipses

Question 21

in experimental neuroses, what happened when the disctintion btwn circles and elipses became harder

Answer 21

dog became more distressed, disorganised bhvr, preponderance of neurotic symptoms and developed neuroticism as couldn’t cope

Question 22

Skinner stated that experiencing aversive bhvrs when preparing to attend to stimuli leads to what

Answer 22

a change in bhvr and feelings as stimuli make u behave how u do

Question 23

why did Skinner suggest CC is too simplistic

Answer 23

CS signals US not just stimulus -> response

Question 24

Skinner defined shaping as what

Answer 24

firstly reward general bhvrs then start rewarding more and more specific ones to train niche bhvrs

Question 25

define operant conditioning

Answer 25

outcome reinforces a bhvr so learn there's a link with the response and outcome

Question 26

what is a positive reinforcer

Answer 26

doing a bhvr so the outcome happens, typically a reward

Question 27

Thorndike defined a positive reinforcer as what

Answer 27

something we don't try to avoid and doing things to maintain/renew it

Question 28

what is a negative reinforcer

Answer 28

doing a bhvr to avoid experiencing something unpleasant

Question 29

Dollard and Miller theorised there are what

Answer 29

inner causations for bhvr which we respond to and our thoughts are reinforcing

Question 30

(D&M) define unconscious processes

Answer 30

unaware of processes as we acquired them before learning to talk

Question 31

(D&M) what learnt processes do we do to unconscious cues

Answer 31

repress them | fail to label -ive thoughts/memories as hard to recall and doing so reinforces -ive experience

Question 32

(D&M) personality is composed of what

Answer 32

learnt habits

Question 33

(D&M) bhvr is motivated by what

Answer 33

wanting to reduce primary and secondary drives and new bhvrs learnt during this

Question 34

(D&M) define primary drives

Answer 34

innate psychological drives assoc w ensuring survival or the indiv, motivating bhvr

Question 35

(D&M) reducing primary derives acts as what

Answer 35

a powerful reinforcer

Question 36

(D&M) define primary reinforcers

Answer 36

things we need to live which fulfil primary drives

Question 37

(D&M) define secondary drives

Answer 37

learnt to help cope w primary drives

Question 38

(D&M) define secondary reinforcers

Answer 38

assoc w being able to fulfil primary drives

Question 39

(D&M) what is approach-aproach conflict

Answer 39

two things being equally rewarding

Question 40

(D&M) what is avoidance-avoidance conflict

Answer 40

two things being equally unrewarding

Question 41

(D&M) what is approach-avoidance conflict

Answer 41

something being rewarding and unrewarding

Question 42

(Premack) the value of a reward is what

Answer 42

variable and depends on current state

Question 43

(Premack) when thinking ab outcomes and rewards/punishments what win't be the same

Answer 43

the outcome and its effect wont always the same all the time

Question 44

(Premack) what happens if the rat is water deprived

Answer 44

it drinks more than it runs and drinking water reinforces running so it will run for water

Question 45

(Premack) what happens if rat isn't water deprived

Answer 45

runs more than it drinks so running reinforces drinking and it licks water to run

Question 46

what is a ratio schedule

Answer 46

reinforces bhvr nased on raito of animal's responses

Question 47

what is an interval schedule

Answer 47

reinforce bhvr in specific time intervals

Question 48

what is a variable schedule

Answer 48

no systematic pattern of bhvr or time

Question 49

what is a fixed schedyle

Answer 49

fixed time or ratio of responses

Question 50

variable-ratio schedule is what

Answer 50

ratio of # of times bhvr performed before reward occurs is random

Question 51

fixed-ratio schedule is what

Answer 51

doing bhvr a set # of times will lead to a reward

Question 52

variable-interval schedule is what

Answer 52

reward will always come but time intervals are random

Question 53

fixed-interval schedule is what

Answer 53

receive reward in fixed time intervals

Question 54

which schedule is easiest to extinguish

Answer 54

variable-ratio as know reward will come but don't know when, as soon as we start unlearning the asocc we get a reward reinforcing it

Question 55

which schedule is easiest to extinguish

Answer 55

fixed-interval as if rewards stop then we stop doing the bhvr as contingency not as concrete

Question 56

define goal-based bhvr

Answer 56

learning an assoc btwn a bhvr and outcome so it's meaningful

Question 57

define habitual bhvr

Answer 57

presence of a stimulus leads to a response, and the assoc has no meaning

Question 58

Coleill and Rescorla found animals preferred which response

Answer 58

response 2 over response 1 as 2 led to food and 1 led to illness

Question 59

Coleill and Rescorla found rats preferred which responses in orange (1=1 2=2) and blue(1=2 2=1) lights

Answer 59

orange - preferred response 1 | blue - preferred response 2 meaning they did learn the assoc

Question 60

when do habits form

Answer 60

when the assoc of response to outcome becomes meaningless so engage in stimulus-response bhvr

Question 61

why did animals engage w response 1 if they learnt it led to illness?

Answer 61

over-training led to habits forming w the outcome becoming meaningless