9- Seed Plants Flashcards
Evolutionary advances of seed plants?
Reproduction free from water, reduction of gametophyte, pollen, formation of seeds
Gymnosperms are called naked why?
They don’t have fruit
Describe 2 types of cones
2 types of cones are cones or scales
Type of cells found in vascular system
Have xylem and phloem
How is vascular tissue formed?
Vascular tissue is formed by the vascular cambium
Life cycle of the gymnosperms
Mature sporophyte had male and female cones, a seed cone and a pollen cone. Pollen grains make way to the female gametophyte and form a pollen tube to get to the egg cells and fertilize it. The seed become an embryo (2N) and that is surrounded by a seed coat then the seed germinates
Xylem in gymnosperms
Has teachers cells that are pierced by openings and connect neighbouring cells to one another
How does pollen and fertilization occur in gymnosperms?
Sperm is released from male cone and by wind manages to fertilize the egg within the female cone.
Adaptations to allow reproduction without water
Cones or flowers, transfer of sperm by pollination, protection of embryos in seed
Silviculture
The practice of controlling the growth of trees
Explain tree rings
When growth begins in the spring the capsular cambium begins to grow rapidly, producing large light coloured xylem cells with thin cell walls. We the growing season continues the cells become smaller and have thicker cell walls forming a layer of dark wood.
Meristematic tissue
Only plant tissue that produces new cells by mitosis
Apical meristem
At the tip of each growing stem and root, increases length
Cork cambium
Produced outer waterproof covering, increases thickness
Pericycle
Produced in roots for storage and increases thickness
How are angiosperms and gymnosperms different?
Angiosperms have fruit
Why are angiosperms considered so successful?
More effective vascular tissue, have flowers, double fertilization, vector pollination, and seeds inside fruit
Coevolution between angiosperms and insects
Insects have to be able to get nectar and so they have to be a certain shape and size do to so
How do flowering plants rely on animals?
Flowering plants depend on animals to eat their fruit and spread the seeds all over the place by excreting them
Seed dispersal methods
Wind: there are winged seeds and parachutes
Animals: hitch hikers, take away, or juicy fruits
Self dispersal: pepper pots or explorers
Root tip
Vascular cylinder, zone of maturation, zone of elongation, and root cap
2 types of vascular tissue in angiosperms
Xylem and phloem. Xylem had tracheid cells and vessel element that are wider than tracheids.
Transpiration
Loss of water by a plant through its leaves
What are stomata?
Pore opening that are on the underside of the leaves. They allow carbon dioxide and oxygen to diffuse in and out of the leaf. When water pressure is high the outer walls go into a curved shape. When it’s lower they close
Various parts of a flower
Sepals
Petals
Stamens: anther, filament
Carpels: ovary, style, stigma, ovule
Monocots root
Circle (ring) have pith
Diocot root
X shaped xylem
Monocot stem
Scattered throughout
Diocot stem
Vascular bundled in ring
Monocots
Groups of 3's Fibourous roots Parallel veins Stem: scattered Root: ring
Diocot
Groups of 4's or 5's Taplike roots Branching veins Stem: ring Roots: x-shaped
