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CPR1 Exam 2 > 9 - Renal Anatomy & Histology > Flashcards

9 - Renal Anatomy & Histology Flashcards

1
Q

List the organs of the urinary system

A

Kidneys
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra

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2
Q

______ filter metabolic waste products and toxins from the bloodstream and convert the filtrate into urine; important role in BP regulation

A

Kidneys

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3
Q

The ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra make up the ______ ______ because they store and transport the urine out of the body

A

urinary tract

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4
Q

The retroperitoneal lies at about the _____ - ______ levels

A

T12

L3

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5
Q

Why are the right kidneys lower than the left?

A

Liver

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6
Q

The _______ ______ is above the kidney

A

suprarenal gland

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7
Q

The ______ ______ is the entrance to the renal sinus (area in kidney where BV, renal pelvis, nerves are locate)

A

Renal hilum

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8
Q

The left hilum is near the _____ _____

A

transpyloric plane

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9
Q

Transpyloric plane runs through ______ pole of right kidney

A

superior

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10
Q

The upper pole of the left kidney rises to the level of the ________ _____ , but the right kidney is slightly lower (due to the bulk of the liver on the right).

A

eleventh rib

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11
Q

The hilum of each kidney is _____ ______ (2 in) from the midline.

A

5 cm

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12
Q

The lower edge of the costodiaphragmatic recess of the pleura crosses the _______ ______

A

twelfth rib

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13
Q

_______ ______ is adjacent kidney capsule; extends into renal hilum and pelvis

A

Perinephric fat

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14
Q

The _____ ______ covers fat
enveloping kidney and suprarenal
gland

A

renal fascia

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15
Q

Where is paranephric fat in relation to everything else?

A

external to the renal fascia

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16
Q

What is normal renal mobilitY?

A

3 cm

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17
Q

The _______ is composed of dense irregular CT on surface with inner layer of myofibroblasts

A

capsule

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18
Q

The renal cortex is the outer portion of the kidney and contains the ______ ______

A

renal corpuscles

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19
Q

The _____ _____ is a collection of renal pyramids and columns

A

renal medulla

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20
Q

Where are the renal pyramids?

A

In the renal medulla projecting into the calyx

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21
Q

______ ______ is issue lying between pyramids running from cortex to the calyx

A

renal columns

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22
Q

______ _______ are single pyramids plus surrounding adjacent cortex

A

renal lobes

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23
Q

The ____ ______ is the collecting funnel for urine

A

renal pelvis

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24
Q

What are renal calyxes?

A

Outpocketing of the renal pelvis

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25
Q

The _____ ______ are projections of medullary pyramids’ apices into calyxes

A

renal papillae

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26
Q

What are the branches of the ureter arteries?

A

I P RAGS

Iliac 
Pelvic 
Renal 
Abdominal Aorta 
Gonadal 
Superior vesicular branches
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27
Q

_______ ______ is the traction of the SMA (superior mesenteric artery) compression of the LRV (left renal vein)

A

Nutcracker syndrome

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28
Q

What are the sx of Nutcracker syndrome?

A
  • Hematuria, proteinuria, flank pain, nausea vomiting (duodenum traction)
  • Uncommon – left sided varicocele
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29
Q

Describe the arterial blood flow from the aorta to the Glomerulus

A
  1. aorta
  2. renal artery
  3. segmental artery
  4. interloper artery
  5. arcuate artery
  6. cortical radiate artery
  7. afferent arteriole
    8 Glomerulus
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30
Q

Describe the venous flow from the glomerulus to the IVC

A
  1. Glomerulus
  2. Efferent arteriole
  3. Peritubular capillaries and vasa recta
  4. cortical radiate vein
  5. arcuate vein
  6. interloper vein
  7. renal vein
  8. IVC
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31
Q

What is the sympathetic innervation of the renal nerve plexus?

A

– Lesser splanchnic (T10-11) and
least (T12) splanchnic nerves
synapsing in aorticorenal ganglia
– Lumbar splanchnic nerves (L1-L2)

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32
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation of the renal nerve plexus?

A

Parasympathetic innervation

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33
Q

Urine forming and carrying units are made of _____ and _____ and _______ collecting ducts

A

Nephron

Cortical and medullary collecting ducts

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34
Q

What does the nephron consist of?

A

Renal corpuscle and renal tubules, juxtamedullary and cortical nephrons

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35
Q

What is involved in the final concentration of urine?

A

The cortical and medullary collecting ducts?

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36
Q

The _______ has a Tuft of capillaries, Fenestrated Endothelium, and is fed by afferent and drained by efferent arterioles

A

Glomerulus

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37
Q

What are the peritubular capillaries?

A

Cortical

Long medullary (vasa recta)

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38
Q

Describe the cortical capillaries

A

In the cortex
Surround proximal and distal convoluted tubules
Fenestrated Endothelium

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39
Q

The ______ _______ surround the loop of Henle

A

vasa recta (long medullary)

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40
Q

What kind of endothelium makes up the ascending portion of the vasa recta?

A

Fenestrated endothelium

41
Q

What kind of epithelium makes up the descending portion of the vasa recta?

A

continuous endothelium

42
Q

Why are some sections of peritubular capillaries Fenestrated Endothelium and others Continuous?

A

Corresponds with what molecules are being reabsorbed or secreted in that section of the nephron

43
Q

What kind of endothelium is found in the glomerulus?

A

fenestrated

44
Q

The ______ _______ consists of 3 layers; the visceral layer, Glomeruluar space, and the parietal layer

A

Glomerular capsule (Bowmans)

45
Q

Which layer of Bowman’s capsule has podocytes?

A

Visceral

46
Q

The _____ ______ of Bowmans capsule consists of simple squamous epithelium

A

Parietal layer

47
Q

What are the 2 poles of the renal corpuscles?

A
  1. vascular pole

2. Urinary pole

48
Q

In the vascular pole, the vessels are (ENDOTHELIUM/EPITHELIUM) and the urinary pole are (ENDOTHELIUM/EPITHELIUM)

A

Endothelium

Epithelium

49
Q

What are the functions of mesangial cells?

A

Structural support

Phagocytic

Prevents glomerular distention due to the high glomerular BP

secret growth factors in response to injury

50
Q

Mesangial cells provide structural support for _____ _____ and the _______ of podocytes

A

glomerular loops

ECM of podocytes

51
Q

The ______ ______ has open fenestrations, a thick luminal glycocalyx, and have a large number of aquaporin water channels

A

glomerular endothelium

52
Q

The ______ _______ ______ acts as a physical and a chemical barrier

A

Glomerular basement membrane

53
Q

What is the glomerular basement membrane made of?

A

Type IV and XVIII collagens, laminin, entactin, and proteoglycans

54
Q

_______ is the presence of albumin in the urine and is indicative of damage to the glomerular basement membrane

A

albuminia

55
Q

________ is a single layer of cells with foot like processes that interdigitate to make filtration like slits

A

podocytes

56
Q

The _____ ______ lies between the blood and the capsular space

A

filtration membrane

57
Q

What are the components of the filtration membrane?

A

fenestrated endothelium, basement membrane, podocytes

58
Q

What is the function of the filtration membrane?

A

Restricts: passage of blood cells, immunoglobulins & large proteins

Allows: passage of water, ions, glucose, amino acids and urea

59
Q

The _____ ______ _____ is the most active in reabsorption and secretion

A

proximal convoluted tubule

60
Q

What cell types are found in the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

simple cuboidal to columnar epithelium

61
Q

In the proximal convoluted tubule, the _____ and _____ cell membranes are highly folded to increase surface area

A

basal and lateral

62
Q

What are the transporters that are involved in the proximal convoluted tubule

A

Na+,K+-ATPase pumps and aquaporins

Numerous types of glucose transporters (e.g., sGLT2) and amino acid transportersq

63
Q

The ______ _______ ______ is not as tall as PCT with less well- developed brush border; equipped with high affinity sodium- glucose co-transporters (sGLT1)

A

proximal straight tubule

64
Q

the loop of Henle Loops down into the _____ and then back up into the _______; terminates near the ______ _____

A

medulla

cortex

vascular pole

65
Q

The _____ ______ _____ of the loop of henle is a thin permeable simple squamous epithelial wall lacking a brush border; some nuclei bulge into the lumen

A

thin limb segment

66
Q

Describe the thick ascending segment of the loop of henle

A

simple cuboidal epithelium with numerous microvilli but no visible brush border

67
Q

The DCT is only found in the _____

A

cortex

68
Q

Describe the epithelium of the distal convoluted tubule

A

Lined with simple cuboidal epithelium with sparse microvilli;

69
Q

True/false luminal surface is not smoother than the PCT

A

no the luminal surface IS smoother than the PCT

70
Q

______influences Na+ resorption in the DCT

A

Angiotensin II

71
Q

The ______ ______ are Mechanosensory cells in afferent (sometimes efferent) arterioles Secrete Renin if low BP

A

juxtaglomerular cells

72
Q

The ______ ______ are Tight nuclei at distal end of thick ascending LoH
Monitors Na+ levels
Signals release of Renin (from Juxtaglomerular cells) if low Na+

A

macula densa

73
Q

What does renin increase?

A

Sodium retention
blood volume
blood pressure

74
Q

The final urine osmolarity is determined by ______ _______

A

reabsorbing water

75
Q

The collecting tubules are a target of both _____ and ______ thereby increasing Na+ reabsorption and water retention

A

ADH

aldosterone

76
Q

What are the two basic mechanosensory cell types?

A

– Principal Cells (aka light cells)- target of aldosterone

– Intercalated Cells (aka dark cells)—involved in H+ and bicarbonate transport (those with *** in lower figure)

77
Q

The ______ ______ receive primitive urine from several nephrons, Lined with simple cuboidal epithelium but are simple columnar at their ends
Primary function is water reabsorption

A

Collecting duct

78
Q

What is the pathway of the collecting duct?

A

Straight through the cortex into the deep medulla

79
Q

What is the primary epithelium that is found in the urinary system

A

Transitional epithelium

80
Q

What is the deepest component of the transitional epithelium?

A

single layer of basal cells on basement membrane

81
Q

The intermediate layer of the transitional epithelium is a region of _____/______ cells in several layers

A

cuboidal/columnar

82
Q

The superficial layer of the transitional epithelium is made up of ______ _______ ______

A

binucleate umbrella cells

83
Q

______ _______ form impermeable barrier on membrane
– Made with Uroplakin proteins
– Fusiform Vesicles–store plaques when endocytosed

A

urothelial plaques

84
Q

What is the function of the ureters?

A

Fibromuscular tube that facilitates the kidney to the bladder

85
Q

The histology of the ureter is broken up into 3 parts, the ______ ______, ______, and ________

A

transitional epithelium, muscular, and adventitia

86
Q

_______ moves with waves of peristalsis, folds form when empty

A

Muscularis

87
Q

Describe the location of the bladder

A
  • Anterior to uterus and rectum
  • Sits within the pelvis, but when really full can expand up into the abdomen
  • Clinical: Pregnant women, etc.
88
Q

What are the components of the bladder?

A

Trigone

Bladder wall

89
Q

The ______ is the location where ureters and urethra open and is the interior and posterior wall of the bladder

A

Trigone

90
Q

Why is the female urethra more prone to UTIs?

A

Because they are small and there is a shorter length for the bacteria to travel

91
Q

Describe the epithelia changes that occur int eh urethra

A
  • Transitional near the bladder (bladder is transitional)
  • Majority of urethra: pseudostratified columnar
  • Distal end: stratified squamous epithelium
92
Q

Describe the differences between the internal urethral sphincter and the external urethral sphincter

A

internal is involuntary smooth muscle

external urethral sphincter is skeletal muscle and you can control it

93
Q

What are the three regions of the male urethra?

A

Prostatic urethra
membranous urethra
spongy urethra

94
Q

______ ______ _______ is due to a PKD1 or PKD2 mutations
that cause Cysts form that crush tissue and impede drainage.

Eventually leads to kidney failure and blood pressure miss-regulation.

Most common symptoms are hypertension, renal hemorrhage, calculi, or UTI

A

Polycystic kidney disease

95
Q

Nearly ___ of women 65+ experience urinary incontinence

A

50%

96
Q

____ of men 65+ experience urinary incontinence

A

21%

97
Q

What are causes of urinary incontinence in females?

A

Age, obesity, parity, how they delivered previous children, etc.

98
Q

What are causes of urinary incontinence in males?

A

Benign prostate hypertrophy, neuro conditions, certain medications

99
Q

________ _________ is due to parasitic blood flukes, GU tract disease, chronic infection can cause fibrosis

A

Schistosoma hematobium

CPR1 Exam 2 (27 decks)

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