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CPR1 Exam 2 > 5 - Gas Transport & Erythrocyte Physiology > Flashcards

5 - Gas Transport & Erythrocyte Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A

1) Deliver nutrients and oxygen
2) Removes waste products
3) Maintain homeostasis
4) Circulation

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2
Q

What are the percentages of hematocrit (amount of red blood cells in blood) for men, women, and babies?

A

Men = 45%
Women = 40%
2 month old = 35%
Newborn = 55%

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3
Q

What are the functions of erythrocytes?

A

1) Carrying O2 from lungs to body
2) Carrying CO2 from body to lungs
3) Acid/Base buffering

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4
Q

_________ mature into erythrocytes entering the circulation. Erythrocytes mature in the circulation based on oxygen demand.

A

Reticulocytes

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5
Q

This is the principle regulator in erythropoiesis. It is produced by the kidneys in response to anemia, low Hb, decreased RBF, and central hypoxia.

A

Erythropoietin (EPO)

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6
Q

This is what regulates EPO. It is a transcription factor, and its genetic deletion can result in anemia and mutations in polycythemia.

A

Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF)

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7
Q

Impaired regulation of EPO by HIF can lead to…

A

Erythrocytosis

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8
Q

Erythrocytes have a 120-day life cycle and rupture in the red pulp of the ________. The released hemoglobin is ingested by _________-_________ cells immediately.

A

Spleen

Monocyte-Macrophage

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9
Q

Oxygen transport is done in 2 ways in the blood, which are…

A

1 – Dissolved

2 – Bound to Hemoglobin

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10
Q

Which mode of transport of oxygen in the blood is considered inadequate?

A

Dissolved

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11
Q

The types of Hemoglobin chains determine iron binding affinity. The different chains are…

A

Alpha
Beta
Delta
Gamma

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12
Q

What is the normal blood Hemoglobin in an adult female and male?

A

Adult female = 14.0 g/dL

Adult male = 15.5 g/dL

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13
Q

How many O2 molecules can reversibly bind to 1 Hemoglobin?

A

4

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14
Q

Hemoglobin has ______ Heme sites and consists of ______ Alpha and ______ Beta chains.

A

4
2
2

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15
Q

The adult form of Hemoglobin is…

A

Hemoglobin A

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16
Q

The fetal form of Hemoglobin is…

A

Hemoglobin F

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17
Q

What is normal oxygen concentration in blood?

A

There is 15 g Hb/100 mL blood.
1 g Hb can combine with 1.34 mL O2.
15 x 1.34 = 20.1 mL O2/100 mL blood

***20.1 mL O2/dL blood

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18
Q

Oxygen saturation is the percent of available binding sites in Hb that have oxygen bound. What is the equation to calculate this percentage?

A

[ (O2 combined with Hb) / (O2 capacity) ] x 100

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19
Q

If the PaO2 > 60 mmHg, what is the O2 saturation?

A

At least 85%, and the concentration is 17 mL O2/dL blood.

***Just look at dissociation curve, you can find these numbers by looking at it.

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20
Q

T/F. At normal PO2 levels, oxygen readily binds to Hb and Hb readily hangs on to oxygen.

A

True

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21
Q

T/F. At tissue level PO2 levels, oxygen readily jumps off Hb and Hb readily releases oxygen.

A

True

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22
Q

If Hb concentration decreases, what happens to oxygen carrying capacity?

A

Oxygen carrying capacity will decrease regardless of O2 saturation

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23
Q

If Hb concentration increases, what happens to oxygen carrying capacity?

A

Oxygen carrying capacity will increase regardless of O2 saturation

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24
Q

What type of shift in the oxygen dissociation curve represents increased affinity of Hb for O2?

A

Left Shift

25
Q

What is a left shit curve usually associated with?

A
    • Polycythemia (elevated hematocrit)

- - Methemoglobinemia (blue hue to skin)

26
Q

What type of shift in the oxygen dissociation curve represents decreased affinity of Hb for O2?

A

Right Shift

27
Q

What is a right shift curve usually associated with?

A

Anemia

***Advantageous for unloading oxygen

28
Q

During exercise, what kind of shift occurs in the oxygen dissociation curve?

A

Right Shift – due to acidic muscle (increased H+) and there is increased CO2

***Helpful mnemonic a girl left on GroupMe. CADET face RIGHT.

C - increased CO2 and H+
A - Anemia
D - increased 2,3 BPG (DPG)
E - increased exercise
T - increased temp
29
Q

What are RBC disorders?

A 
Anemia of blood loss
Anemia of chronic disease
Hemolytic anemias
Anemias of diminished erythropoiesis 
Polycythemia
30
Q

What are the requirements for erythropoiesis?

A

1) Adequate nutrition
2) Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin, cobalamin) and Folate (B9) – required for DNA synthesis
3) Iron availability – absorption, transport, storage

31
Q

Folate or B12 deficiency results in…

A

Megaloblastic Macrocytic Anemia

32
Q

Poor B12 absorption leads to…

A

Pernicious Anemia

33
Q

Iron is needed for Hb to function and receive oxygen. A deficiency results in ________ ________ (most common cause worldwide). It circulates in plasma as ________.

A

Microcytic Anemia
Transferrin

***Transferrin is iron-binding plasma protein.

34
Q

Deficient transport of transferrin to developing erythroblasts can result in…

A

Hypochromic Anemia

35
Q

How much iron absorption is needed from the diet to maintain homeostasis?

A 
Men = 1 mg/d 
Women = 1.4 mg/d
36
Q

______ contributes to membrane flexibility for iron. It maintains iron in Fe2+ (Ferrous state) rather than Fe3+ (Ferric state). Prevents oxidative damage.

A

ATP

37
Q

_______ overloading can lead to liver cirrhosis, skin pigmentation, and diabetes mellitus.

A

Iron

38
Q

Primary iron overloading is due to…

A

Genetics

39
Q

Secondary iron overloading is due to…

A
    • Multiple blood transfusions
    • Ineffective erythropoiesis
    • Increased iron intake
40
Q

_________ iron overloading develops in utero. The cause is unknown.

A

Neonatal

41
Q

Anemia decreases oxygen carrying capacity. Hb concentration is proportional to blood oxygen content but _________ doesn’t change.

A

% saturation

42
Q

What type of polycythemia is being described?

    • Genetic (low EPO)
    • Extra RBCs
    • Increased total blood volume (2x)
    • Increased viscosity (10x water)
    • Normal (sort of) Cardiac Output
A

Primary polycythemia (vera)

43
Q

What type of polycythemia is being described?

    • Hypoxia (high EPO)
    • Extra RBCs
    • Cardiac Output may be abnormal
A

Secondary polycythemia

44
Q

What type of polycythemia is being described?

    • High altitude adaptation
    • Extra RBCs
    • Normal Cardiac Output
A

Physiologic polycythemia

45
Q

This is caused by increased met-hemoglobin. Iron is in Ferric form (Fe3+) and there is decreased oxygen availability to tissues.

A

Methemoglobinemia

***Blood is chocolate-colored, causes a blue hue to skin.

46
Q

The difference between arterial blood O2 content versus venous blood O2 content is used to describe…

A

Oxygen Consumption

***PaO2 = 20 mL and PvO2 = 15 mL
20 - 15 = 5 mL O2/100 mL blood

47
Q

What is the RQ value for glucose/sugar?

A

1.0

48
Q

What is the RQ value for fatty acid?

A

0.7

49
Q

What is the RQ value for protein?

A

0.9

50
Q

What are the forms of CO2 transport?

A

1) Dissolved CO2
2) Carbamino Compounds
3) As HCO3

51
Q

This is CO2 bound to plasma proteins or Hb. It does not bind to heme groups, but binds to amine groups.

A

Carbamino Compounds

52
Q

A _________ shift is when the presence of O2 reduces affinity of the amine chain for CO2. Involved with Carbamino Compounds.

A

Haldane

53
Q

In RBC, CO2 is converted to HCO3 by…

A

Carbonic Anhydrase

54
Q

HCO3 is exported from the cell by ________. The exchange is called a ________ ________ or ________ ________.

A

Chloride
Chloride Shift
Hamburger Shift

55
Q

Put the following steps involving CO2 and Bicarbonate in order:

A. H+ is buffered in RBCs by deoxyhemoglobin and carried in venous blood here.

B. CO2 is produced and exits tissue.

C. HCO3- produced is exchanged for Cl- across RBCs and carried to lungs.

D. H2CO3 dissociates into H+ and HCO3-.

E. Carbonic Anhydrase (high levels in RBCs) hydrates CO2 to form H2CO3.

A

1) B.
2) E.
3) D.
4) A.
5) C.

56
Q

Dissolved CO2 moves down its concentration gradient into the ________. CO2 dissociates from proteins. HCO3 is converted back to CO2.

A

Alveoli

57
Q

What is the O2 and CO2 volumes carried in the blood?

A 
O2 = 20 mL O2/100 mL blood 
CO2 = 50 mL CO2/100 mL blood
58
Q

What is the major form transported of O2 and CO2?

A 
O2 = Bound to heme in Hb
CO2 = HCO3
59
Q

What is the volume dissolved of O2 and CO2?

A 
O2 = 0.3 mL O2/100 mL blood
CO2 = 3 mL CO2/100 mL blood

CPR1 Exam 2 (27 decks)

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