8 - Respiratory Control Flashcards
The brain controls the _____ of breathing and the pattern
Frequency
What does firing of the phrenic nerve cause?
Contraction of the diaphragm; inspiration
The brain is in charge of the _____ and the _____ ______ when it comes to breathing
Rate Tidal Volume
The ______ _______ ______ is apart of the Nucleus tractus solitairus and is involved with the GI tract and the heart as well as respiration
Dorsal respiratory group
The _______ ______ ______ is a long respiratory center and involves the nucleus ambiguus
ventral respiratory group
This is located in the pons and is involved with inspiratory, expiratory and combined efforts of breathing
Pontine Respiratory group
Which portion of the brain is critical for the rhythm of breathing?
Pre-botzinger complex
Compare the locations of the ventral and dorsal respiratory groups
the dorsal respiratory group is closer to midline than the central group
What is the order of respiratory factors that the brain controls?
Determine the timing
Determine the tidal volume (depth)
Send the signal to the motoneurons
The ______ _______ ______ is the main site that determines respiratory rate
pre-botzinger region
Aside from the pre-Botzinger complex, what is the other component that helps to determine the rate of the respiration?
The transition from inspiration to expiration
________ is the failure to turn inspiration off
Apneusis
The ______ is considered part of the network that controls the length of inspiration under normal circumstances
PRG
When the ______ is lesioned, we lose the ability to turn inspiration off without additional sensory information from the _____ nerves.
PRG
Vagus
Name that respiratory group!
• 95% premotor to phrenic
- Receives lots of sensory info.
- That sensory information allows it to generate a pattern appropriate to the circumstances.
DRG
The rostral end of this respiratory group contains the premotor to the phrenic nerve and the inspiratory muscles
VRG
What does the caudal end of the VRG do?
premotor to the upper airway and other mucles of inspiration
_________ results from pontine damage whereas ________ results from medullary or spinal damage
Apneusis
Apnea
Both apnea and apneusis caise and increase in CO2 and a decrease in O2 but what is the main difference between the two?
The changes in apneusis are slightly delayed because you are still getting air in initially. Apnea you aint doing nothin
What is the equation for gas exchange?
Ve=f x Vt
A chemoreceptor is a neuron that is sensitive to specific chemicals. In the respiratory system, these chemicals are _____, _____, and ____.
CO2
O2
H+
An ______ in CO2 will cause the chemoreceptrs to fire
increase
A decrease in ______ will increase the firing rate of the chemoreceptors
oxygen
True/False: An increase in H+ causes the chemoreceptors to fire
TRUE
What is the normal response of a respiratory neuron (or any neuron) to an increase in CO2 or a decrease in O2?
A decrease in activity - which would decrease ventilation, decreasing gas exchange and making the problem worse.
________ is the ability of certain chemicals to change the discharge rate of sensitive neurons.
Chemosensitivity
The chemoreceptors will ______ their rate of activity when hypoxia or hypercapnia occur
increase
The chemoreceptors will then ________ the respiratory centers and ________ respiration.
activate
increase
What are the two types of chemoreceptors?
Central (in the brain)
Peripheral (in the carotid and the aorta)
The ________ chemoreceptors are located on the ventral surface of the medulla and are sensitive to CO2 in the blood
central
What helps to cause the drive to breathe? Describe her
CO2 crosses the BBB and reacts with CARBONIC ANHYDRASE to make bicarbonate which is able to dissociate into H+ and HCO3. The H+ stimuluates the VRG and the DRG and causes a response
Where are the peripheral chemoreceptrs and what are they sensitive to?
Carotid body and Aortic arch
Sensitive to O2 CO2 and H+
The _______ chemoreceptors are DIRECTLY sensitive to the pH of the CSF and INDIRECTLY to the CO2 in the plasma
central
Describe the Slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors
Located in airways
- Sensitive to: Stretch of airways (directly proportional to lung volume)
- Fibers travel to brain in Vagus nerve.
- Effect: inhibition of inspiration (inspiratory termination) and prolongation of expiration
The slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors are important for controlling respiration in
1.
2.
- Adults during exercise
- infants
What are the two receptors that are involved in protecting the gas exchange surface?
Rapidly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors
J receptors
The _______ ________ _________ ________ ________ are Sensitive to: Irritation, foreign bodies in airway; Stretch
Rapidly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors
What is the effect of the rapidly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors?
Cough
There are two places in which the cough is ellicted, what are they?
Rapidly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors and the larynx
The ____ ______ are located near the blood vessels of the alveoli, are sensitive to pulmonary edema, fibers travel to the brain via the vagus nerve
effect: cough, tachypnea
The RAR’s and J Receptors mediate protective reflexes that _________ the normal respiratory control systems.
Override
***important for survival
Which receptors respond to the stretch of the lung?
Slowly adapting PSR (SARS)
Which receptors respond to irritants?
rapidly adapting RARs
What receptors respond to pulmonary edema?
J receptors
In the cases of talking or holding your breath the cortex seems to ________ the medullary centers and send the input directly to the muslces of inspiration
bypassing
