9: Political Crusades

Question 1

Henry of Sequsio’s ‘Summa’ discussed German men who said crusades against Christians weren’t…

Answer 1

Just, but against heretics and infidels were fine.

Question 2

Gratin said war against enemies of God and the church is just, but not…

Answer 2

Equivalent to the Crusades in the Holy Land.

Question 3

Bernard of Clairvaux said defensive war against heretics may be necessary but…

Answer 3

Methods of peaceful persuasion were preferable.

Question 4

Joseph R. Strayer said Innocent III was the…

Answer 4

Innovator of the political crusade

Question 5

In 1199 Innocent III proclaimed a crusade against…

Answer 5

Markward of Anweiler

Question 6

Opponents of Markward of Anweiler…

Answer 6

Wore the cross and received plenary indulgences

Question 7

The reasons for the crusade against Markward of Anweiler were…

Answer 7

He had tried to keep hold of Ancona when the Pope wanted to add it to the church states

Question 8

Innocent III was convinced it was essential to the security of the Papacy to gain…

Answer 8

Direct control over central Italy and its feudal suzerainty over the Kingdom of Sicily

Question 9

Joseph R. Strayer says direct control over Italy was…

Answer 9

The cause of most thirteenth century political crusades

Question 10

The crusade against Markward of Anweiler began with a few hundred soldiers who accomplished nothing until…

Answer 10

Walter of Brienne enlisted a group of Frenchmen who were given crusade privileges.

Question 11

Though he helped in the crusade against Markward of Anweiler, Walter of Brienne was more interested in…

Answer 11

Conquering the fief of Taranto than fighting for Innocent

Question 12

The reason for crusading against Markward of Anweiler was removed in 1202 when…

Answer 12

He died.

Question 13

After Innocent III, the next pop to preach political crusades was…

Answer 13

Gregory IX

Question 14

Gregory IX’s first political crusade was against…

Answer 14

Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II

Question 15

Gregory IX’s first crusade against Frederick II was between…

Answer 15

1228 to 1230

Question 16

Gregory IX preached his first crusade against Frederick because…

Answer 16

Frederick II had been disobeying papal orders, didn’t participate in the fifth crusade, and was acquiring a threateningly strong position in Italy.

Question 17

In the first crusade against him, Gregory IX accused Frederick II of…

Answer 17

Oppressing the Sicilian church, making pacts with Saracens, making mock edits of overseas crusades, invading Papal States, and trying to regain lands ceded to the church.

Question 18

In his first crusade against Frederick II, Gregory IX didn’t use…

Answer 18

Full crusader language/vocabulary.

Question 19

Those who fought in the first crusade against Frederick II did not…

Answer 19

Wear the cross or gain complete crusader privileges, but did get remission of sin.

Question 20

The first crusade against Frederick II was financed by…

Answer 20

An income tax imposed on the clergy

Question 21

Though crusaders did not wear the cross in the first crusade against Frederick II, they did wear…

Answer 21

The signs of the Keys of Peter, so the crusade is often called The War of the Keys

Question 22

In the first crusade against Frederick, peace was arranged in…

Answer 22

1230

Question 23

Gregory IX preached a second crusade against Frederick II in…

Answer 23

1239

Question 24

In the second crusade against Frederick II, Pope Gregory IX did use…

Answer 24

Full crusader vocabulary; he made no distinction between this war and the overseas crusades.

Question 25

The causes of the second crusade against Frederick II were…

Answer 25

Frederick’s attempts to extend his power to a northern Italy, his victories over Lombard towns, his attempt to acquire Sardinia for his illegitimate son, and his attempt to stir Romans against the Pope.

Question 26

Joseph R. Strayer said that, by making a second political war, Gregory IX had…

Answer 26

Weakened the influence of the church, albeit preserving its states.

Question 27

To stir up religious zeal during the second crusade against Frederick, Gregory IX held a…

Answer 27

Great religious procession of the heads of the apostles Peter and Paul, whilst distributing crosses.

Question 28

A papal letter from 1241 showed that, in the second crusade against Frederick II, Gregory IX was offering…

Answer 28

Full indulgences, the ability to commute their vows between crusades, and the ability to redeem vows for money to raise funds.

Question 29

Gregory IX tried to fund the second crusade against Frederick II with aid from…

Answer 29

The churches of western kingdoms, but there was great opposition from them

Question 30

The churches of western kingdoms that Gregory IX had asked to help fund the second political crusade opposed because…

Answer 30

There was no clear case against Frederick II and that the pope was shedding Christian blood, which set a bad example.

Question 31

Gregory IX called for a general council about Frederick II in…

Answer 31

August 1240

Question 32

The council Gregory IX called against Frederick II failed because…

Answer 32

Frederick ordered a Pisan fleet to route the council members near Monte Cristo, where he captured most of the prelates

Question 33

Gregory IX died in 1241 and was succeeded by…

Answer 33

Innocent IV in 1243

Question 34

Once Innocent IV had been Pope-ified, Frederick almost instantly began to…

Answer 34

Negotiate peace treaties because his public image had dropped so low

Question 35

Innocent IV held a general council against Frederick in 1245 where he was charged with…

Answer 35

Oppression of the clergy, attacks on papal lands, bad faith, and heresy.

Question 36

Frederick was deposed at the 1245 general council, and this action was taken as…

Answer 36

A declaration of war on both sides.

Question 37

Innocent IV began to crusade against Frederick II after…

Answer 37

The 1245 general council

Question 38

In his crusade against Frederick II, Innocent IV used…

Answer 38

Crusade preaching and propaganda techniques

Question 39

Innocent IV’s crusade against Frederick II ended in 1250 because…

Answer 39

Frederick died

Question 40

Basically most political crusades were a cop out because the ‘enemy’ just died in the end.

Answer 40

If they had just waited a bit there wouldn’t have to be war because their enemies just died??