12: Crusade Indulgences Flashcards
Indulgences are a distinctive feature of the penitential system of…
Roman Catholic Church and the Western medieval church
Indulgences granted…
Full or partial remission of the punishment of sin
Indulgences were predicated on two beliefs. They were…
1) in the sacrament of penance it did not suffice to have the guilt of sin forgiven through absolution alone; one also needed to undergo temporal punishment
2) indulgences rested on belief in purgatory, a place in the next life where one could continue to cancel the accumulated debt of one’s sins
Indulgences developed in the 11th and 12th centuries when the idea of purgatory…
Took a widespread hold and was pushed as part of church reform
Crusades offered remission of sins as…
Inducements to participation
Indulgences were framed as a means to…
Eternal salvation
Papal pronouncements were vague so 12th & 13th century scholars worked out a fully articulated theory of penance consisting of three parts, which were…
Contrition
Confession
Satisfaction
The articulated three-part theory of indulgences implied that the debt of forgiven sin could be reduced through…
The performance of good works in this life or through suffering in purgatory
Indulgences could only be granted by…
The pope or, to a lesser extent, archbishops and bishops
Plenary indulgences cancelled…
All existing obligation
Partial indulgences remitted…
A portion of sin/time in purgatory
Partial indulgences had set periods of…
Days, months, and years attached to them
Commutation developed from partial indulgences, so that they could be…
Converted into corresponding monetary payments or charity work
Commutation was especially preached by…
Pope Innocent III, and Pope Gregory IX in the second crusade against Frederick II
From the 12th century onwards, because of commutation, salvation became bound up with…
Money/payments
