12: Crusade Indulgences Flashcards
Indulgences are a distinctive feature of the penitential system of…
Roman Catholic Church and the Western medieval church
Indulgences granted…
Full or partial remission of the punishment of sin
Indulgences were predicated on two beliefs. They were…
1) in the sacrament of penance it did not suffice to have the guilt of sin forgiven through absolution alone; one also needed to undergo temporal punishment
2) indulgences rested on belief in purgatory, a place in the next life where one could continue to cancel the accumulated debt of one’s sins
Indulgences developed in the 11th and 12th centuries when the idea of purgatory…
Took a widespread hold and was pushed as part of church reform
Crusades offered remission of sins as…
Inducements to participation
Indulgences were framed as a means to…
Eternal salvation
Papal pronouncements were vague so 12th & 13th century scholars worked out a fully articulated theory of penance consisting of three parts, which were…
Contrition
Confession
Satisfaction
The articulated three-part theory of indulgences implied that the debt of forgiven sin could be reduced through…
The performance of good works in this life or through suffering in purgatory
Indulgences could only be granted by…
The pope or, to a lesser extent, archbishops and bishops
Plenary indulgences cancelled…
All existing obligation
Partial indulgences remitted…
A portion of sin/time in purgatory
Partial indulgences had set periods of…
Days, months, and years attached to them
Commutation developed from partial indulgences, so that they could be…
Converted into corresponding monetary payments or charity work
Commutation was especially preached by…
Pope Innocent III, and Pope Gregory IX in the second crusade against Frederick II
From the 12th century onwards, because of commutation, salvation became bound up with…
Money/payments
Indulgences were granted/offered through…
Papal Bulls
Indulgences were initially called…
Spiritual rewards, then they evolved into indulgences
In c.1230 Parisian theologian William of Auvergne described crusades indulgences as…
Eternal wages that go into a spiritual treasury
Pluralist crusade historian Ane Bysted describes crusade indulgences as the institutionalisation of…
The idea that fighting for Christ and the church was meritorious in the sight of God and thus worthy of a spiritual reward
The Gottlob thesis argues that…
Indulgences weren’t transcendental until the second crusade or when innocent III firmly established it in his crusade bull
If the Gottlob thesis is correct then it was with full deliberation that…
The pipes chose not to make early privileges transcendental due to reservations with regard to the meritorious character of crusading
Indulgences do not appear to have been defined by canonists or theologians until the…
Mid-late thirteenth century, probably as the practise was still under development
The modern definition (1983) of crusading defines it as remission before God of…
The temporal punishment for sin the guilt of which is already forgiven, which a properly disposed member of the Christian faithful obtains under certain and definite conditions with the help of the church which, as the minister of redemption, dispenses and applies authoritatively the treasury of the satisfactions of Christ and the saints.
The essence of the modern definition of indulgences goes back to…
Scholastic definitions by Thomas Aquinas in the 13th century
Implied distinctions between temporal and eternal punishment, and remission of guilt and punishment, do not appear before…
The 1120s
Researchers on medieval indulgences have a minimum criteria for when to accept a grant as an actual indulgence, consisting of…
1) it has to be evident that the grant concerns the remission of the temporal punishment due for sin
2) the remission is granted generally to all who fulfil certain conditions
3) it is granted for the support of a specific purpose
Ane Bysted says indulgences are instruments of…
Policy granted by popes and prelates
