9- Mixed Anatomy (3)MSQs Only Flashcards
200 of 610
A 78 year old man is lifting a heavy object when he feels a pain in his forearm and is unable to continue. He has a swelling over his upper forearm. An MRI scan shows a small cuff of tendon still attached to the radial tuberosity consistent with a recent tear. Which of the following muscles has been injured?
Biceps brachii
Biceps inserts into the radial tuberosity. Distal injuries of this muscle are rare but are reported and are clinically more important than more proximal ruptures.
201 of 610
During an operation for varicose veins the surgeons are mobilising the long saphenous vein. Near its point of entry to the femoral vein an artery is injured and bleeding is encountered. From where is the bleeding most likely to originate?
Deep external pudendal artery
The deep external pudendal artery is a branch of the SFA and it runs medially under the long saphenous vein near its point of union with the femoral vein. The superficial external pudendal artery lies superior to the SFJ. Neither vessel is functionally important and if injured they are best ligated.
202 of 610
In relation to the middle cranial fossa, which of the following statements relating to the foramina is incorrect?
The foramen rotundum transmits the maxillary nerve
The foramen lacerum is closely related to the internal carotid artery
The foramen spinosum lies posterolateral to the foramen ovale
The foramen ovale transmits the middle meningeal artery(Right)
The foramen rotundum lies anteromedial to the foramen ovale
……………………………………
The foramen spinosum transmits the middle meningeal artery. The foramen ovale transmits the mandibular nerve. As the foramina weaken the bone, a fracture at this site is not uncommon.
203 of 610
A 56 year old man is undergoing an anterior resection for a carcinoma of the rectum. Which of the structures below is least likely to be encountered during the mobilisation of the anterior rectum?
Denonvilliers’ fascia
Middle sacral artery(Right)
Bladder
Rectovesical pouch
Seminal vesicles
…………………………………………
With the exception of the middle sacral artery all of the other structures lie anterior to the rectum. They may all be palpated during digital rectal examination.
204 of 610
Where are accessory spleens not found?
Gonads
Tail of pancreas
Greater omentum
Splenorenal ligament
Ureter(Right)
……………………………………….
Accessory spleens
- 10% population
- 1 cm size
- locations: hilum of the spleen, tail of the pancreas, along the splenic vessels, in the gastrosplenic ligament, the splenorenal ligament, the walls of the stomach or intestines, the greater omentum, the mesentery, the gonads
205 of 610
A 58 year old lady presents with a mass in the upper outer quadrant of the right breast. Which of the following statements relating to the breast is untrue?
The internal mammary artery provides the majority of its arterial supply
Nipple retraction may occur as a result of tumour infiltration of the clavipectoral fascia (Right)
The internal mammary artery is a branch of the subclavian artery
Up to 70% of lymphatic drainage is to the ipsilateral axillary nodes
None of the above
……………………………………………
Both skin dimpling and nipple retraction are features of breast malignancy.
However, they usually occur as a result of tumour infiltration of the breast ligaments and ducts respectively. The clavipectoral fascia encases the axillary contents. The lymphatic drainage of the breast is to the axilla and also to the internal mammary chain. The breast is well vascularised and the internal mammary artery is a branch of the subclavian artery.
206 of 610
Which of the following muscles is not innervated by the ansa cervicalis?
Sternohyoid
Mylohyoid(Right)
Omohyoid
Sternothyroid
None of the above
……………………………………………..
Ansa cervicalis muscles:
GHost THought SOmeone Stupid Shot Irene
GenioHyoid
ThyroidHyoid
Superior Omohyoid
Sterno Thyroid
SternoHyoid
Inferior Omohyoid
Mylohyoid is innervated by the mylohyoid branch of the inferior alveolar nerve.
207 of 610
A 35 year old man presents to the surgical clinic with a suspected direct inguinal hernia. These will pass through Hesselbach’s triangle. Which of the following forms the medial edge of this structure?
Rectus abdominis muscle
Direct inguinal hernias pass through Hesselbachs triangle (although this is of minimal clinical significance!). Its medial boundary is the rectus muscle.
208 of 610
A 28 year old man is undergoing an appendicectomy. The external oblique aponeurosis is incised and the underlying muscle split in the line of its fibres. At the medial edge of the wound is a tough fibrous structure. Entry to this structure will most likely encounter which of the following?
Internal oblique
Rectus abdominis(Right)
Transversus abdominis
Linea alba
Peritoneum
…………………………………………
This structure will be the rectus sheath and when entered the rectus abdominis muscle will be encountered.
209 of 610
Which of the following most commonly arises from the brachiocephalic artery?
Thyroidea ima artery
Other occasional branches include the thymic and bronchial branch.
210 of 610
A 42 year old woman is due to undergo a left nephroureterectomy for a transitional cell carcinoma involving the ureter. Which of the following structures is not related to the left ureter?
Round ligament of the uterus (Right)
Internal iliac artery
Ovarian artery
Peritoneum
Sigmoid mesocolon
………………………………….
The ureter is not related to the round ligament of the uterus, it is related to the broad ligament and is within 1.5cm of the supravaginal part of the cervix.
211 of 610
Which muscle is not innervated by the trigeminal nerve?
Medial pterygoid
Mylohyoid
Stylohyoid(Right)
Masseter
Temporalis
…………………………………………..
Stylohyoid is innervated by the facial nerve.
212 of 610
A 45 year old man is undergoing a left hemicolectomy. As the surgeons mobilise the left colon they identify a tubular structure lying at the inferior aspect of psoas major. What is it most likely to be?
Left ureter
The left ureter lies posterior to the left colon. The sigmoid colon and upper rectum may be more closely related to the iliac vessels. These are not typically found above L4.
216 of 610
Into which of these veins does the middle thyroid vein drain?
Internal jugular
It drains to the internal jugular vein. Which is one of the reasons why it bleeds so copiously if a ligature slips.
213 of 610
From which of the following structures does the long head of the triceps muscle arise?
Infraglenoid tubercle
The long head arises from the infraglenoid tubercle. The fleshy lateral and medial heads are attached to the posterior aspect of the humerus between the insertion of the teres minor and the olecranon fossa.
214 of 610
A 62 year old man presents with arm weakness. On examination, he has a weakness of elbow extension and loss of sensation on the dorsal aspect of the first digit. What is the site of the most likely underlying defect?
Radial nerve
The long head of the triceps muscle may be innervated by the axillary nerve and therefore complete loss of triceps muscles function may not be present even with proximally sited nerve lesions.
215 of 610
Which of the following structures is not at the level of the transpyloric plane?
Hilum left kidney
Superior mesenteric artery
Fundus of the gallbladder
Cardioesophageal junction(Right)
Root of transverse mesocolon
………………………………………………
Cardiooesophageal junction level = T11
A knowledge of this anatomic level is commonly tested.
The oesophagus extends from C6 (the lower border of the cricoid cartilage) to T11 at the cardioesophageal junction. Note that in the neonate the oesophagus extends from C4 or C5 to T9.
217 of 610
As it exits the axilla the radial nerve passes over the inferior border which of the muscles listed below?
Teres major
The radial nerve passes through the triangular interval to leave the axilla. The superior border of this is bounded by the teres major muscle to which the radial nerve is closely related.
218 of 610
Which of the following statements about the spleen is false?
The hilum contains the splenic vessels.
The spleen is derived from endodermal tissue. (Right)
The white pulp has immune function.
The colon lies inferiorly.
Weighs 150g.
……………………………………………
1,3,5,7,9,11 (odd numbers up to 11)
The spleen is: 1 inch thick, 3 inches wide, 5 inches long, weighs 7oz (150-200g), lies between the 9th and 11th ribs
Most of the gut is derived endodermally except for the spleen which is from mesenchymal tissue.
219 of 610
The recurrent laryngeal is connected to which of the following nerves?
Vagus
220 of 610
Which of these statements relating to the external carotid is false?
It ends by bifurcating into the superficial temporal and ascending pharyngeal artery (Right)
Its first branch is the superior thyroid artery
The superior thyroid, lingual and facial arteries all arise from its anterior surface
The ascending pharyngeal artery is a medial branch
Initially it lies anteromedial to the internal carotid
……………………………………..
It terminates by dividing into the superficial temporal and maxillary branches. The external carotid has eight branches, 3 from its anterior surface ; thyroid, lingual and facial. The pharyngeal artery is a medial branch. The posterior auricular and occipital are posterior branches.
221 of 610
A 63 year old man is due to undergo a splenectomy. Which splenic structure lies most posteriorly?
Lienorenal ligament
The lienorenal ligament lies most posteriorly. The antero-lateral connection is via the phrenicocolic ligament. Anteriorly the gastro splenic ligament. These structures condense around the vessels at the splenic hilum.
222 of 610
A 23 year old man presents with delayed diagnosis of appendicitis. The appendix is retrocaecal and has perforated causing a psoas abscess. Into which structure does the psoas major muscle insert?
Lesser trochanter of the femur
The psoas major inserts into the lesser trochanter.
223 of 610
Which of the following is not a content of the anterior triangle of the neck?
Ansa cervicalis
Vagus nerve
Anterior jugular vein
Transverse cervical nerve (Right)
Hypoglossal nerve
……………………………………………
The transverse cervical nerve lies within the posterior triangle. The anterior jugular vein is formed in the submental region and descends in the superficial fascia near the median plane. It passes inferior to enter the suprasternal space, it is linked to the contralateral anterior jugular vein by the jugular venous arch.