6- Abdomen & Pelvic MSQs Only (1) Flashcards
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A patient undergoes a femoral hernia repair and at operation the surgeon decides to enter the abdominal cavity to resect small bowel. She makes a transverse incision two thirds of the way between umbilicus and the symphysis pubis. Which of the structures listed below is least likely to be divided?
Posterior lamina of the rectus sheath
An incision at this level lies below the arcuate line and the posterior wall of the rectus sheath is deficient at this level.
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What is the lymphatic drainage of the ovaries?
Para-aortic nodes
The lymphatic drainage of the ovary follows the gonadal vessels and drainage is therefore to the
para-aortic nodes.
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A 23 year old man undergoes an orchidectomy. The right testicular vein is ligated; into which
structure does it drain?
Inferior vena cava
The testicular venous drainage begins in the septa and these veins together with those of the tunica vasculosa converge on the posterior border of the testis as the pampiniform plexus. The pampiniform plexus drains to the testicular vein. The left testicular vein drains into the left renal vein.
The right testicular vein drains into the inferior vena cava.
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A 44 year old lady is undergoing an abdominal hysterectomy and the ureter is identified during the ligation of the uterine artery. At which site does it insert into the bladder?
Base
The ureters enter the bladder at the upper lateral aspect of the base of the bladder. They are about 5cm apart from each other in the empty bladder. Internally this aspect is contained within the bladder trigone.
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A 6 month old child is brought to the surgical clinic because of non descended testes. What is the main structure that determines the descent path of the testicle?
Gubernaculum
The gubernaculum is a ridge of mesenchymal tissue that connects the testis to the inferior aspect of the scrotum. Early in embryonic development the gubernaculum is long and the testis are located on the posterior abdominal wall. During foetal growth the body grows relative to the gubernaculum, with resultant descent of the testis.
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What is the most important structure involved in supporting the uterus?
Central perineal tendon
The central perineal tendon provides the main structural support to the uterus. Damage to this structure is commonly associated with the development of pelvic organ prolapse, even when other structures are intact.
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What is the lymphatic drainage of the male spongy urethra?
Deep inguinal nodes
The lymphatic drainage of the spongy urethra and the glans penis is to the deep inguinal nodes. The
prostatic and membranous urethra drains to the internal iliac nodes.
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A 28 year old man requires a urethral catheter to be inserted prior to undergoing a splenectomy.
Where is the first site of resistance to be encountered on inserting the catheter?
Membranous urethra
The membranous urethra is the least distensible portion of the urethra. This is due to the fact that it is surrounded by the external sphincter.
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A 21 year old man has an inguinal hernia and is undergoing a surgical repair. As the surgeons approach the inguinal canal they expose the superficial inguinal ring. Which of the following forms the lateral edge of this structure?
External oblique aponeurosis
The external oblique aponeurosis forms the anterior wall of the inguinal canal and also the lateral edge of the superficial inguinal ring. The rectus abdominis lies posteromedially and the transversalis posterior to this.
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Which of the structures listed below accompanies the aorta as it traverses the aortic hiatus?
Thoracic duct
The aorta is accompanied by the thoracic duct as it traverses the aortic hiatus. The vagal trunks accompany the oesophagus which passes through the muscular part of the diaphragm on the right.
The right phrenic nerve accompanies the IVC as it passes through the caval opening. The left phrenic nerve passes through the muscular part of the diaphragm anterior to the central tendon on the left.
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A 45 year old lady is undergoing a Whipples procedure for carcinoma of the pancreatic head. The bile duct is transected. Which of the following vessels is mainly responsible for the blood supply to the bile duct remnant?
Hepatic artery
Do not confuse the blood supply of the bile duct with that of the cystic duct.
The bile duct has an axial blood supply which is derived from the hepatic artery and from retroduodenal branches of the gastroduodenal artery. Unlike the liver there is no contribution by the portal vein to the blood supply of the bile duct. Damage to the hepatic artery during a difficult
cholecystectomy is a recognised cause of bile duct strictures. In this scenario the distal vessels have been removed as the patient is undergoing a resection.
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What vessel is the origin of the middle rectal artery?
Internal iliac artery
The rectum is supplied by 3 main vessels
. Superior rectal artery from inferior mesenteric artery
. Middle rectal artery from the internal iliac artery
. Inferior rectal artery from the internal pudendal artery
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A 7 year old boy presents with right iliac fossa pain and there is a clinical suspicion that appendicitis is present. From which of the following embryological structures is the appendix derived?
Midgut
The appendix is derived from the midgut
It is derived from the midgut which is why early appendicitis may present with periumbilical pain.
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You decide to take an arterial blood gas from the femoral artery. Where should the needle be inserted to gain the sample?
1-2cm inferiorly to the mid inguinal point
The mid inguinal point is midway between the anterior superior iliac spine and the symphysis pubis
The mid inguinal point in the surface marking for the femoral artery.
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A 25 year old man has an inguinal hernia, which of the following structures must be divided (at open surgery) to gain access to the inguinal canal?
External oblique aponeurosis
This question is asking what structure forms the anterior wall of the inguinal canal. The anterior wall is formed by the external oblique aponeurosis. Once this is divided the canal is entered, the cord can be mobilised and a hernia repair performed. The transversalis fascia and conjoint tendons form the posterior wall and would not routinely be divided to gain access to the inguinal canal itself.
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A 67 year old man has an abdominal aortic aneurysm which displaces the left renal vein. Which branch of the aorta is most likely to be affected at this level?
Superior mesenteric artery
The left renal vein lies behind of the SMA as it branches off the aorta. Whilst juxtarenal AAA may sometimes require the division of the left renal vein, direct involvement of the SMA may require a hybrid surgical bypass and subsequent endovascular occlusion.
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What is the anatomical level of the transpyloric plane?
L1
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The pudendal canal is a fascial canal located on the lateral wall of the ischioanal fossa. In this location, it lies on the inferior border of which of the following muscles?
Obturator internus
The coccygeus, pubococcygeus and iliococcygeus form part of the pelvic diaphragm and are not related to it. The piriformis exits the pelvis via the greater sciatic foramen and is not associated with the canal in the ischiorectal fossa.
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What is the lymphatic drainage of the upper ureter?
Para aortic nodes
The upper ureter drains to the para-aortic nodes, the lower ureter drains to the common iliac nodes.
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A 53 year old man is undergoing a radical gastrectomy for carcinoma of the stomach. Which of the following structures will need to be divided to gain access to the coeliac axis?
Lesser omentum
The lesser omentum will need to be divided. During a radical gastrectomy this forms one of the nodal stations that will need to be taken.
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A 17 year old lady presents with right iliac fossa pain and diagnosed as having acute appendicitis. You take her to theatre to perform a laparoscopic appendicectomy. During the procedure the scrub nurse distracts you and you inadvertently avulse the appendicular artery. The ensuing haemorrhage is likely to be supplied directly from which vessel?
Ileo-colic artery
The appendicular artery is a branch of the ileocolic artery.
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Which of the vessels listed below is the most inferiorly sited single aortic branch?
Median sacral artery
The median sacral artery leaves the aorta a little above its bifurcation. It descends in the midline
anterior to L4 and L5.
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A 63 year old man who smokes heavily presents with dyspepsia. He is tested and found to be positive for helicobacter pylori infection. One evening he has an episode of haematemesis and collapses. What is the most likely vessel to be responsible?
Gastroduodenal artery
He is most likely to have a posteriorly sited duodenal ulcer. These can invade the gastroduodenal artery and present with major bleeding. Although gastric ulcers may invade vessels they do not tend to produce major bleeding of this nature.
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Which of the following nerves is responsible for the cremasteric reflex?
Genitofemoral nerve
The motor and sensory fibres of the genitofemoral nerve are tested in the cremasteric reflex. A small contribution is also played by the ilioinguinal nerve and thus the reflex may be lost following an inguinal hernia repair.