25- Pediatric Explains Flashcards
What is the most common cause of bronchogenic cysts?
Bronchogenic cysts most commonly arise from anomalous development of the ventral foregut.
Where do bronchogenic cysts typically occur?
Bronchogenic cysts often lie near the midline and are commonly found in the region of the carina.
Are bronchogenic cysts usually single or multiple?
While most bronchogenic cysts are single, multiple cysts can also occur.
What are the common symptoms of bronchogenic cysts in the neonatal period?
Bronchogenic cysts may be asymptomatic or present with respiratory symptoms early in the neonatal period.
Where do bronchogenic cysts rank among the different types of foregut cysts in the middle mediastinum?
Bronchogenic cysts are the second most common type of foregut cysts (after enterogenous cysts) in the middle mediastinum.
How often are bronchogenic cysts diagnosed before the age of 15?
Up to 50% of bronchogenic cyst cases are diagnosed prior to 15 years of age.
What imaging technique is recommended for diagnosing bronchogenic cysts?
Once bronchogenic cysts are suspected, a CT scan should be performed for confirmation.
What is the ideal treatment for bronchogenic cysts?
Thoracoscopic resection is considered the ideal treatment for bronchogenic cysts.
At what age can very young babies undergo surgical treatment for bronchogenic cysts?
Very young babies can be operated on once they reach six weeks of age.
What are the components of the umbilicus during embryonic development?
During development, the umbilicus has two umbilical arteries and one umbilical vein.
What arteries are the umbilical arteries continuous with?
The umbilical arteries are continuous with the internal iliac arteries.
What does the umbilical vein connect to after birth?
After birth, the umbilical vein is continuous with the falciform ligament (ductus venosus).
What happens to the umbilical cord after birth?
The umbilical cord dessicates and separates, and the umbilical ring closes.
What percentage of neonates may have an umbilical hernia?
Up to 20% of neonates may have an umbilical hernia.
Are umbilical hernias more common in premature infants?
Yes, umbilical hernias are more common in premature infants.
Is strangulation of an umbilical hernia common?
No, strangulation of an umbilical hernia is rare.
Do umbilical hernias typically close spontaneously?
Yes, the majority of umbilical hernias will close spontaneously, although it may take between 12 months and three years.
What causes omphalitis, an infection of the umbilicus?
Omphalitis is commonly caused by infection with Staphylococcus aureus.
Why is omphalitis considered a potentially serious condition?
Omphalitis can spread rapidly through the umbilical vessels, putting neonates at risk of portal pyaemia and portal vein thrombosis.
How is umbilical granuloma typically treated?
Umbilical granulomas, characterized by cherry red lesions, can often be treated with chemical cautery using topically applied silver nitrate.
What is the most common presentation of persistent vitello-intestinal duct?
Persistent vitello-intestinal duct typically presents as an umbilical discharge containing small bowel content.
What is persistent urachus?
Persistent urachus is characterized by urinary discharge from the umbilicus due to the persistence of the urachus, which attaches to the bladder.
How are persistent vitello-intestinal ducts managed?
Persistent vitello-intestinal ducts are best imaged using a contrast study to evaluate the anatomy and are managed through laparotomy and surgical closure.
What is the estimated prevalence of biliary atresia?
Biliary atresia affects approximately 1 in 17,000 individuals.
Grade I: Reflux into the ureter only, no dilatation.
Grade II: Reflux into the renal pelvis on micturition, no dilatation.
Grade III: Mild/moderate dilatation of the ureter, renal pelvis, and calyces.
Grade IV: Dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces with moderate ureteral tortuosity.
Grade V: Gross dilatation of the ureter, pelvis, and calyces with ureteral tortuosity.