8- Head & Neck MSQs Only Flashcards

Question

74 of 368 What is the nerve supply to the muscle indicated by an X on the prosection below?

Answer 1

CN XI The muscle indicated is trapezius and it is innervated by the accessory nerve (CN XI)

Answer 2

Maxillary nerve Mnemonic: OVALE O tic ganglion V3 (Mandibular nerve:3rd branch of trigeminal) A ccessory meningeal artery L esser petrosal nerve E missary veins

Answer 3

Superficial cervical nodes The lobule drains to the superficial cervical nodes.

Answer 4

II Cranial nerves carrying parasympathetic fibres X IX VII III (1973) The parasympathetic functions served by the cranial nerves include: III (oculomotor): Pupillary constriction and accommodation VII (facial) : Lacrimal gland, submandibular and sublingual glands IX (glossopharyngeal): Parotid X (vagus): Heart and abdominal viscera The optic nerve carries no parasympathetic fibres. The cranial preganglionic parasympathetic nerves arise from specific nuclei in the CNS. These synapse at one of four parasympathetic ganglia; otic, pterygopalatine, ciliary and submandibular. From these ganglia the parasympathetic nerves complete their journey to their target tissues via CN V (trigeminal) branches (ophthalmic nerve CNV branch 1, Maxillary nerve CN V branch2, mandibular nerve CN V branch 3)

Answer 5

C6 It enters the gland at C6.

Answer 6

Medial inferior surface of the frontal lobe Corpus callosum Medial surface of the frontal lobe Olfactory bulb Brocas area ( Right) Brocas area is usually supplied by branches from the middle cerebral artery.

Answer 7

Otic ganglion Secretion of saliva by the parotid gland is controlled by nerve fibres originating in the inferior salivatory nucleus; these leave the brain via the tympanic nerve (branch of glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), travel through the tympanic plexus (located in the middle ear), and then form the lesser petrosal nerve until reaching the otic ganglion. After synapsing in the Otic ganglion, the postganglionic (postsynaptic) fibres travel as part of the auriculotemporal nerve (a branch of the mandibular nerve (V3) to reach the parotid gland.

Answer 8

Opthalmic artery Mnemonic for the nerves passing through the supraorbital fissure: Live Frankly To See Absolutely No Insult Lacrimal Frontal Trochlear Superior Division of Oculomotor Abducens Nasociliary Inferior Division of Oculomotor nerve The opthalmic artery arises from the internal carotid immediately after it has pierced the dura and arachnoid. It runs through the optic canal below the optic nerve and within its dural and arachnoid sheaths. It terminates as the supratrochlear and dorsal nasal arteries.

Answer 9

Taste sensation from anterior two thirds of the tongue( Right) Closing the ipsilateral eyelid Raising the ipsilateral side of the lip Ipsilateral corneal reflex None of the above The chorda tympani branches inside the facial canal and will therefore be unaffected by this most unfortunate event! The corneal reflex is mediated by the opthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve sensing the stimulus on the cornea, lid or conjunctiva; the facial nerve initiates the motor response of the reflex.

Answer 10

Glossopharyngeal The glossopharyngeal nerve supplies general sensation to the posterior third of the tongue and contributes to the gag reflex.

Answer 11

Inferior alveolar nerve The branches of the lower molar and premolar teeth are supplied by branches of the inferior alveolar nerve. Those of the canine and incisors by the incisive branch of the same nerve. The gingiva and supporting structures are innervated by the lingual nerve.

Answer 12

External palatine vein The external palatine vein lies immediately lateral to the tonsil and if damaged may be a cause of reactionary haemorrhage following tonsillectomy.

Answer 13

Ophthalmic artery The ophthalmic artery supplies the gland

Answer 14

Pretracheal fascia The ansa cervicalis lies anterior to the carotid sheath. It may be exposed by division of the pretracheal fascia at the posterolateral aspect of the thyroid gland. The pre vertebral fascia lies more posteriorly and division of the investing layer of fascia will not expose this nerve.

Answer 15

Greater auricular nerve (C2-C3) The trigeminal nerve is the major sensory nerve to the face except over the angle of the jaw. The angle of the jaw is innervated by the greater auricular nerve.

Answer 16

Scalenus anterior The artery and vein are separated by scalenus anterior. This muscle runs from the transverse processes of C3,4,5 and 6 to insert onto the scalene tubercle of the first rib.

Answer 17

Transverse process of C6 Transverse process of the axis Vertebral canal Foramen magnum Intervertebral foramen ( Right) The vertebral artery passes through the foramina which are located in the transverse processes of the cervical vertebra, it does not traverse the intervertebral foramen.

Answer 18

Optic tract Lesions before optic chiasm: Monocular vision loss = Optic nerve lesion Bitemporal hemianopia = Optic chiasm lesion Lesions after the optic chiasm: Homonymous hemianopia = Optic tract lesion Upper quadranopia = Temporal lobe lesion Lower quadranopia = Parietal lobe lesion Unfortunately we thought as surgeons we could forget about visual field defects! However the college seem to like them. Remember a homonymous hemianopia is indicative of an optic tract lesion. Parietal lobe lesions tend to cause inferior quadranopias and there is a bitemporal hemianopia with optic chiasm lesion or pituitary tumours.

Answer 19

Common carotid artery The common carotid artery is a lateral relation of the inferior parathyroid.

Answer 20

Hypoglossal The hypoglossal nerve innervates the tongue and is one of the structures more commonly at risk in carotid surgery.

Answer 21

Abducens The abducens nerve (CN VI) has a long intra cranial course and is thus susceptible to raised intra cranial pressure. It also passes over the petrous temporal bone and 6th nerve palsies are also seen in mastoiditis.

Answer 22

Vagus The vagus lies in the carotid sheath. The hypoglossal nerve crosses the sheath, but does not lie within it.

Answer 23

Accessory nerve Phrenic nerve Greater auricular nerve Ansa cervicalis( Right) Lesser occiptal nerve Ansa cervicalis is a content of the anterior triangle of the neck

Answer 24

Cervical sympathetic chain The carotid sheath is crossed anteriorly by the hypoglossal nerves and the ansa cervicalis. The vagus lies within it. The cervical sympathetic chain lies posteriorly between the sheath and the prevertebral fascia.

Answer 25

External jugular vein The external jugular vein runs obliquely in the superficial fascia of the posterior triangle. It drains into the subclavian vein. During surgical exploration of this area the external jugular vein may be injured and troublesome bleeding may result. The internal jugular vein and carotid arteries are located in the anterior triangle. The third, and not the second, part of the subclavian artery is also a content of the posterior triangle

Answer 26

Internal jugular vein The sigmoid sinus is joined by the inferior petrosal sinus to drain into the internal jugular vein.

Answer 27

Bi-temporal hemianopia The pituitary is covered by a sheath of dura and an expanding haematoma at this site may compress the optic chiasm in the same manner as an expanding pituitary tumour.

Answer 28

Carotid canal and internal carotid artery. Optic canal and ophthalmic artery. Foramen ovale and mandibular nerve. Optic canal and ophthalmic nerve.( Right) Foramen rotundum and maxillary nerve. Question derived from 2010 and 2011 exams The optic canal transmits the optic nerve. The ophthalmic nerve traverses the superior orbital fissure.

Answer 29

Abducens The long intracranial course of this nerve makes it susceptible to damage early in the course of raised ICP.

Answer 30

Vagus nerve Submandibular gland Phrenic nerve ( Right) Internal jugular vein Hypoglossal nerve The phrenic nerve is a content of the posterior triangle. The anterior triangle contains the carotid sheath and its contents.

Answer 31

C6 The trachea commences at C6. It terminates at the level of T5 (or T6 in tall subjects in deep inspiration).

Answer 32

Anaesthesia over the entire ipsilateral side of the face The angle of the jaw is not innervated by sensory fibres of the trigeminal nerve and is spared in this type of injury. Remember the trigeminal nerve provides motor innervation to the muscles of mastication. The close proximity of the site of injury to the motor fibres is likely to result in at least some compromise of motor muscle function.

Answer 33

Mandibular artery External carotid artery branches mnemonic: 'Some Angry Lady Figured Out PMS' Superior thyroid (superior laryngeal artery branch) Ascending pharyngeal Lingual Facial (tonsillar and labial artery) Occipital Posterior auricular Maxillary (inferior alveolar artery, middle meningeal artery) Superficial temporal

Answer 34

The superior cerebellar artery may be decompressed to treat trigeminal neuralgia Occlusion of the posterior cerebral artery causes contralateral loss of the visual field The oculomotor nerve lies between the superior cerebellar and posterior cerebral arteries The posterior inferior cerebellar artery is the largest of the cerebellar arteries arising from the basilar artery ( Right) The labyrinthine branch is accompanied by the facial nerve ........................................... The posterior inferior cerebellar artery is the largest of the cerebellar arteries arising from the vertebral artery. The labyrinthine artery is long and slender and may arise from the lower part of the basilar artery. It accompanies the facial and vestibulocochlear nerves into the internal auditory meatus. The posterior cerebral artery is often larger than the superior cerebellar artery and it is separated from the vessel, near it's origin, by the oculomotor nerve. Arterial decompression is a well established therapy for trigeminal neuralgia.

Answer 35

Sternothyroid muscle Sternohyoid muscle Hypoglossal nerve Superior belly of omohyoid muscle Anterior belly of digastric muscle ( Right) At its lower end the carotid sheath is related to sternohyoid and sternothyroid. Opposite the cricoid cartilage the sheath is crossed by the superior belly of omohyoid. Above this level the sheath is covered by the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Above the level of the hyoid the vessels pass deep to the posterior belly of digastric and stylohyoid. Opposite the hyoid bone the sheath is crossed obliquely by the hypoglossal nerve.

Answer 36

Parasthesia of the ipsilateral external ear The auriculotemporal nerve is closely related to the middle meningeal artery and may be damaged in this scenario. The nerve supplied sensation to the external ear and outermost part of the tympanic membrane. The angle of the jaw is innervated by C2,3 roots and would not be affected. The posterior third of the tongue is supplied by the glossopharyngeal nerve.

Answer 37

Glossopharyngeal nerve The glossopharyngeal nerve is the main sensory nerve for the tonsillar fossa. A lesser contribution is made by the lesser palatine nerve. Because of this otalgia may occur following tonsillectomy.

Answer 38

Medulla oblongata ABC's of Non- GI causes of vomiting Acute renal failure Brain (Increased ICP) Cardiac (Inferior MI) DKA Ears (labyrinthitis) Foreign substances (Tylenol, theo, etc) Glaucoma Hyperemesis Gravidarum Infections (pyelonephritis, meningitis)

Answer 39

Laryngeal branches of the vagus The laryngeal branches of the vagus supply sensory information from the larynx.

Answer 40

Greater petrosal nerve The greater petrosal nerve may be injured and carries fibres for lacrimation .

Answer 41

- Superior orbital fissure and the oculomotor nerve - Foramina rotundum and the maxillary nerve - Jugular foramen and the hypoglossal nerve ( Right) - Foramina spinosum and the middle meningeal artery - Carotid canal and the internal carotid artery The hypoglossal nerve passes through the hypoglossal canal.

Answer 42

Subclavian artery The thyrocervical trunk is a branch of the subclavian artery. It arises from the first part between the subclavian artery and the inner border of scalenus anterior. It branches off the subclavian distal to the vertebral artery.

Answer 43

Auriculotemporal nerve Tensor tympania and stapedius are the only two muscles of the middle ear. Contraction of tensor tympani will tend to dampen the vibrations produced by loud sounds, it is innervated by a branch of the trigeminal nerve. The stapedius dampens movements of the ossicles in response to loud sounds and is innervated by a branch of the facial nerve. The auriculotemporal nerve, which is derived from the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve supplies this area.

Answer 44

Raise eyebrow Upper motor neurone lesions of the facial nerve- Paralysis of the lower half of face. Lower motor neurone lesion- Paralysis of the entire ipsilateral face.

Answer 45

- Oculomotor nerve - Abducens nerve - Ophthalmic artery ( Right) - Ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve - Ophthalmic veins The ophthalmic artery, a branch of the internal carotid enters the orbit with the optic nerve in the canal.

Answer 46

Platysma The cervical branch of the facial nerve innervates platysma.

Answer 47

Thyrocervical trunk The inferior thyroid artery originates from the thyrocervical trunk. This is a branch of the subclavian artery.

Answer 48

- The pituitary gland lies medially - The internal carotid artery passes through it - The temporal lobe of the brain is a lateral relation - The mandibular branch of the trigeminal and optic nerve lie on the lateral wall ( Right) - The ophthalmic veins drain into the anterior aspect of the sinus The veins that drain into the sinus are important as sepsis can cause cavernous sinus thrombosis. The maxillary branch of the trigeminal and not the mandibular branches pass through the sinus

Answer 49

Superior thyroid artery Mnemonic for the branches of the subclavian artery: VIT C & D V ertebral artery I nternal thoracic T hyrocervical trunk C ostalcervical trunk D orsal scapular Superior thyroid artery is a branch of the external carotid artery.

Answer 50

Transverse arytenoid Cricothyroid ( Right) Thyro-arytenoid Posterior crico-arytenoid Oblique arytenoid The others are all supplied by the recurrent laryngeal nerve.

Answer 51

Maxillary artery Mnemonic for branches of the cerebral portion of the internal carotid artery 'Only Press Carotid Arteries Momentarily' Only = Opthalmic Press = Posterior communicating Carotid = Choroidal Arteries = Anterior cerebral Momentarily = Middle cerebral The maxillary artery is a branch of the external carotid artery.

Answer 52

Superior sagittal sinus The superior sagittal sinus is at greatest risk in this pattern of injury. This sinus begins at the front of the crista galli and courses backwards along the falx cerebri. It becomes continuous with the right transverse sinus near the internal occipital protuberance.

Answer 53

Zygomaticus minor Mentalis( Right) Buccinator Levator anguli oris Risorius Buccal branch supplies: Zygomaticus minor: Elevates upper lip Risorius: Aids smile Buccinator: Pulls corner of mouth backward and compresses cheek Levator anguli oris: Pulls angles of mouth upward and toward midline Orbicularis: Closes and tightens lips together Nasalis: Flares nostrils and compresses nostrils

Answer 54

C4 It terminates at the upper border of the thyroid cartilage, Which is usually located at C4.

Answer 55

Apparent enopthalmos Loss of sweating on the entire ipsilateral side of the face ( Right) Normal sympathetic activity in the torso Constricted pupil Mild ptosis ........................................... The anhidrosis will be mild as this is a distal lesion and at worst only a very limited area of the ipsilateral face will be anhidrotic.

Answer 56

Lingual nerve The lingual nerve wraps around Whartons duct. The lingual nerve provides sensory supply to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue.

Answer 57

C1, C2 and C3 Ansa cervicalis muscles: GHost THought SOmeone Stupid Shot Irene GenioHyoid ThyroidHyoid Superior Omohyoid SternoThyroid SternoHyoid Inferior Omohyoid The ansa cervicalis is composed of a superior and inferior root, derived from C1, C2 and C3. The superior root arises where the nerve crosses the internal carotid artery. It descends anterior to the carotid sheath in the anterior triangle. It is joined in the region of the mid neck by the inferior root. The inferior root may pass either superficially or deep to the internal jugular vein.

Answer 58

The anterior pituitary secretes thyroid stimulating hormone The anterior pituitary develops from Rathkes pouch ( Right) Patients with craniopharyngioma may develop bi temporal hemianopia The pituitary is in direct contact with the optic chiasm The posterior pituitary secretes oxytocin via a positive feedback loop ........................................................... Although the optic chiasm is closely related to the pituitary, and craniopharyngiomas may compress this structure leading to bitemporal hemianopia, it is separated from the chiasm itself by a dural fold.

Answer 59

Retromandibular vein The retromandibular vein lies slightly more deeply than the facial nerve in the parotid gland. It is formed from the maxillary and superficial temporal vein.

Answer 60

Internal carotid artery The internal carotid artery lies posterolaterally to the external carotid artery at it's origin from the common carotid. The superior thyroid, lingual and facial arteries all arise from its anterior

Answer 61

Mandibular nerve Structures passing through the parotid gland: . Facial nerve and branches . External carotid artery (and its branches; the maxillary and superficial temporal) · Retromandibular vein . Auriculotemporal nerve The mandibular nerve is well separated from the parotid gland. The maxillary vein joins to the superficial temporal vein and they form the retromandibular vein which then runs through the parotid gland. The auriculotemporal nerve runs through the gland. Following a parotidectomy this nerve may be damaged and during neuronal regrowth may then attach to sweat glands in this region. This can then cause gustatory sweating (Freys Syndrome). The facial nerve branch is the marginal mandibular branch and this is related to the gland.

Answer 62

0 The internal carotid does not have any branches in the neck.

Answer 63

Superior orbital fissure Mnemonic: Standing Room Only -Exit of branches of trigeminal nerve from the skull V1 -Superior orbital fissure V2 -foramen Rotundum V3 -foramen Ovale The opthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve exits the skull through the superior orbital fissure.

Answer 64

Accessory nerve The motor supply to the sternocleidomastoid is from the accessory nerve. The ansa cervicalis supplies sensory information from the muscle.

Answer 65

Trapezius muscle The borders are described below.

Answer 66

Hypoglossal The hypoglossal nerve supplies motor innervation to all extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue. The only possible exception to this is palatoglossus, which is jointly innervated by the vagus and accessory nerves.

Answer 67

It supplies the visual cortex It is closely related to the 3rd cranial nerve It is a branch of the basilar artery It is connected to the circle of Willis via the superior cerebellar artery ( Right) When occluded may result in contralateral loss of field of vision The posterior cerebral arteries are formed by the bifurcation of the basilar artery and is connected to the circle of Willis via the posterior communicating artery. The posterior cerebral arteries supply the occipital lobe and part of the temporal lobe.

Answer 68

Opposite the second molar tooth Stensens duct conveys secretions from the parotid gland and these enter the oral cavity at the level of the second molar tooth.

Answer 69

Facial nerve The posterior belly of digastric is innervated by the facial nerve and the anterior belly by the mylohoid nerve.

Answer 70

Damage to the nervi erigentes The penis takes autonomic nerves from the nervi erigentes that lie near the seminal vesicles. These may be compromised by direct surgical trauma (such as use of diathermy in this area) and also by radiotherapy that is used in these patients pre operatively. The result is that up to 50% of patients may develop impotence following rectal cancer surgery.

Answer 71

CN V The most likely lesion to occur in the cerebello-pontine angle is an acoustic neuroma. The trigeminal nerve has a broad base and involvement of at least part of this nerve is the most likely initial finding. The defect may be subtle such as loss of the ipsilateral corneal reflex. Ipsilateral hearing loss will also occur. Untreated, progressive lesions, may ultimately affect cranial nerve roots in this region.

Answer 72

Trigeminal Taste to the anterior two thirds of the tongue is supplied by the facial nerve, the trigeminal supplies general sensation, this is mediated by the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve (via the lingual nerve).

Answer 73

The umbo marks the point of attachment of the handle of the malleus to the tympanic membrane The lateral aspect of the tympanic membrane is lined by stratified squamous epithelium The chorda tympani nerve runs medial to the pars tensa (Right) The medial aspect of the tympanic membrane is lined by mucous membrane The tympanic membrane is approximately 1cm in diameter ...................................................... The chorda tympani runs medially to the pars flaccida. The relationship is shown from the medial aspect in the dissection below.

Answer 74

Trochlear The trochlear nerve has a relatively long intracranial course and this makes it vulnerable to injury in head trauma. Head trauma is the commonest cause of an acute fourth nerve palsy. A 4th nerve palsy is the commonest cause of a vertical diplopia. The diplopia is at its worst when the eye looks medially which it usually does as part of the accommodation reflex when walking down stairs.

Answer 75

Transverse arytenoid Posterior crico-arytenoid Cricothyroid ( Right) Oblique arytenoid Thyroarytenoid Innervates: all intrinsic larynx muscles (excluding cricothyroid) The external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve innervates the cricothyroid muscle.

Answer 76

Right parieto-temporal craniotomy A unilateral dilated pupil is a classic sign of transtentorial herniation. The medial aspect of the temporal lobe (uncus) herniates across the tentorium and causes pressure on the ipsilateral oculomotor nerve, interrupting parasympathetic input to the eye and resulting in a dilated pupil. In addition the brainstem is compressed. As the ipsilateral oculomotor nerve is being compressed, craniotomy (rather than Burr Holes) should be made on the ipsilateral side.

Answer 77

Facial artery .................................................................. The high salivary viscosity of submandibular gland secretions favors stone formation. Most stones are radio-opaque. The marginal mandibular nerve is the most superficial structure. The facial artery lies between the gland and mandible and is often ligated during excision of the gland. The lingual artery may be encountered but this is usually later in the operative process as Whartons duct is mobilised.

Answer 78

Maxillary artery The middle meningeal artery is the most likely source of the extradural haematoma in this setting. It is a branch of the maxillary artery. The middle cerebral artery does not give rise to the middle meningeal artery. Note that the question is asking for the vessel which gives rise to the middle meningeal artery ("the likely culprit vessel is a branch of which of the following")

Answer 79

The hypoglossal canal transmits the hypoglossal nerve The foramen spinosum is at the base of the medial pterygoid plate. (Right) The jugular foramen transmits the accessory nerve The foramen lacerum is located in the sphenoid bone The stylomastoid foramen transmits the facial nerve

Answer 80

Sub mental nodes

Answer 81

Spinal accessory nerve Phrenic nerve External jugular vein Occipital lymph nodes Internal jugular vein( Right) The IJV does not lie in the posterior triangle. However, the terminal branches of the external jugular vein do.

Answer 82

Marginal mandibular nerve The marginal mandibular nerve lies deep to platysma. It supplies the depressor anguli oris and the depressor labii inferioris. If injured it may lead to facial asymmetry and dribbling.

Answer 83

Internal acoustic meatus It enters the temporal bone through the internal acoustic meatus and exits through the stylomastoid foramen.

Answer 84

Facial vein When approaching the submandibular gland the facial vein and submandibular lymph nodes are the most superficially encountered structures. Each sub mandibular gland has a superficial and deep part, separated by the mylohyoid muscle. The facial artery passes in a groove on the superficial aspect of the gland. It then emerges onto the surface of the face by passing between the gland and the mandible. The facial vein is encountered first in this surgical approach because the incision is made 4cm below the mandible (to avoid injury to the marginal mandibular nerve).

Answer 85

The anterior communicating artery links the right and left sides Asymmetry of the circle of willis is a risk factor for the development of intracraniale aneurysms Majority of blood passing through the vessels mix together(Right) Includes the anterior communicating artery The circle surrounds the stalk of the pituitary gland ................................................ There is minimum mixing of blood passing through the vessels.

Answer 86

Greater petrosal nerve Nerve to stapedius Auriculotemporal ( Right) Chorda tympani Buccal ........................................ The auriculotemporal nerve is a direct branch of the mandibular nerve. Other branches of the mandibular nerve include: Lingual Inferior alveolar Nerve to the mylohyoid Mental

Answer 87

Ansa cervicalis Vagus nerve Anterior jugular vein Transverse cervical nerve( Right) Hypoglossal nerve ........................................ The transverse cervical nerve lies within the posterior triangle. The anterior jugular vein is formed in the submental region and descends in the superficial fascia near the median ether plane. It passes inferior to enter the suprasternal space, it is linked to the contralateral anterior jugular vein by the jugular venous arch.

Answer 88

It ends by bifurcating into the superficial temporal and ascending pharyngeal artery( Right) Its first branch is the superior thyroid artery The superior thyroid, lingual and facial arteries all arise from its anterior surface The ascending pharyngeal artery is a medial branch Initially it lies anteromedial to the internal carotid ............................................. It terminates by dividing into the superficial temporal and maxillary branches. The external carotid has eight branches, 3 from its anterior surface ; thyroid, lingual and facial. The pharyngeal artery is a medial branch. The posterior auricular and occipital are posterior branches.

Answer 89

Internal jugular It drains to the internal jugular vein. Which is one of the reasons why it bleeds so copiously if a ligature slips.

Answer 90

Medial pterygoid Mylohyoid Stylohyoid ( Right) Masseter Temporalis ............................................. Stylohyoid is innervated by the facial nerve.

Answer 91

Sternohyoid Mylohyoid( Right) Omohyoid Sternothyroid None of the above ............................................. Ansa cervicalis muscles: GHost THought SOmeone Stupid Shot Irene GenioHyoid ThyroidHyoid Superior Omohyoid SternoThyroid SternoHyoid Inferior Omohyoid Mylohyoid is innervated by the mylohyoid branch of the inferior alveolar nerve.

Answer 92

The foramen rotundum transmits the maxillary nerve The foramen lacerum is closely related to the internal carotid artery The foramen spinosum lies posterolateral to the foramen ovale The foramen ovale transmits the middle meningeal artery( Right) The foramen rotundum lies anteromedial to the foramen ovale ................................................. The foramen spinosum transmits the middle meningeal artery. The foramen ovale transmits the mandibular nerve. As the foramina weaken the bone, a fracture at this site is not uncommon.

Answer 93

Rima glottidis The rima glottidis is the narrowest part of the laryngeal cavity.

Answer 94

Maxillary vein The retromandibular vein is formed from the union of the maxillary and superficial temporal veins.

Answer 95

Buccinator The duct crosses the masseter muscle and buccal fat pad and then penetrates the buccinator muscle to enter the oral cavity opposite the second upper molar tooth.

Answer 96

Masseter Posterior belly of digastric ( Right) Temporalis Tensor tympani Tensor veli palatini .............................................. The posterior belly of digastric is supplied by the branchial motor component of the facial nerve. All of the other muscles are supplied by axons from the motor nucleus of cranial nerve V.

Answer 97

The external jugular vein lies posteromedially.( Right) It is supplied by the accessory nerve. It has two heads of origin It inserts into the lateral aspect of the mastoid It marks the anterior border of the posterior triangle. ………………………………… The external jugular vein lies lateral (i.e. superficial) to the sternocleidomastoid.