9 - Leadership and Group Decision Making Flashcards
Leadership?
Getting group members to achieve the group’s goal
Leader categorisation theory?
We have a variety of schemas about how different types of leaders behave in different types of leadership situations. When a leader is categorised as a particular type of leader, the schema fills in details about how the leader will behave
Social Identity Theory of Leadership?
Development of social identity theory to explain leadership as an identity process whereby, in salient groups, prototypical leaders are more effective than less prototypical leaders due to several related processes. Prototypical leader’s embody the group’s attributes and serve as models of conformity
Why are prototypical leaders more influential?
- viewed as the source rather than the target of conformity processes
- likes as group members
- they find the group more central and important to self-definition, and therefore identify more strongly with it
- the prototype is central to group life, information related to the prototype attracts attention
Correspondence bias?
A general attribution bias in which people have an inflated tendency to see behaviour as reflecting (corresponding to) stable underlying personality attributes
Effective leadership entails defining or altering:
- the group’s perception of itself
- the members’ sense of identity
Group Value Model?
View that procedural justice within groups makes members feel valued, and thus leads to enhanced commitment to and identification with the group
Relational model of authority in groups?
Tyler’s account of how authority in groups rests upon fairness and justice based relations between leader and followers
Distributive justice?
Fairness of the outcome of a decision
Procedural justice?
Fairness of the procedures used to make a decision
Social Dilemmas?
Situations in which short term personal gain is at odds with the long therm good of the group
Glass Ceiling?
Phenomenon partly due to the alignment between general leader schemas and agentic male stereotypes, resulting in more favorable perceptions of male leaders
Role congruity theory?
Mainly applied to the gender gap in leadership because social stereotypes of women are inconsistent with people’s schemas of effective leadership, women are evaluated as poor leaders - not true tho
Stereotype threat?
Feeling that we will be judged in terms of negative stereotypes of our group, and that we will inadvertently confirm these stereotypes through our behaviour
Glass cliff?
Tendency for women to be appointed to precarious leadership positions associated with a high probability of failure and criticism
Four primary obstacles that hinder women from asserting authority?
- Role incongruity
- Limited access to critical management experience
- Family responsibilities
- Diminished motivation
How can leaders foster intergroup relational identity?
- Advocating intergr. collabs as valued aspect of group identity through rhetoric
- Demonstrating intergroup relationships through boundary spanning
- Forming a leadership coalition that bridges intergroup boundaries
Social decision schemes?
Explicit or implicit decision-making rules that relate individual opinions to a final group decision. Vary based on task type, strictness and distribution of power
Social transition scheme?
Method for charting incremental changes in member opinions as a group moves towards a final decision
Brainstorming?
Uninhibited generation of as many ideas as possible in a group, in order to enhance group creativity
Why underperformance of brainstorming groups?
- Evaluation Apprehension
- Social loafing and free riding
- Production matching
- Production blocking
Production Blocking?
Reduction in individual creativity and productivity in brainstorming groups due to interruptions and turn taking
What to to to address production blocking?
- Electronic brainstorming
- Heterogenous groups (diverse types of knowledge between members)
Illusion of group effectivity?
Experience-based belief that we produce more and better ideas in groups than alone
Sources of illusion of group effectivity?
- difficulty in distinguishing between one’s own ideas and those of others, leading to an overestimation of personal contribution
- enjoyment of the brainstorming process itself
- awareness that not all ideas are voiced in group settings, prompting individuals to overvalue their own contributions
Groupthink?
A mode of thinking in highly cohesive groups in which the desire to reach unanimous agreement overrides the motivation to adopt proper rational decision-making processes
Risky shift?
Tendency for group discussion to produce group decisions that are more risky than the mean of members’ pre-discussion opinions, but only if the pre-discussion mean already favoured risk
Group Polarisation?
Tendency for group discussion to produce more extreme group decisions that the mean of members’ pre-discussion opinions, in the direction favoured by the mean
Persuasive arguments theory?
View that people in groups are persuaded by novel information that supports their initial position, and thus become more extreme in their endorsement of their initial position
Cultural values theory?
The view that people in groups use members’ opinions about the position valued in the wider culture, and then adjust their views in that direction for social approval reasons
Social comparison theory?
Comparing our behaviours and opinions with those of others in order to establish the correct or socially approved way of thinking and behaving
Bandwagon effect?
When individuals adopt behaviours solely beacause others do
Pluralistic ignorance?
When individuals mistakenly believe that others hold different opinions
