16 - Culture Flashcards
Culture bound?
Theory and data conditioned by a specific cultural background
Culture blind?
Theory and data untested outside the host culture
Culture?
Espression of group norms at the national, racial and ethnic levels
Völkerpsychologie?
Early precursor of social psychology, as the study of the collective mind, in Germany in the mid- to late-nineteenth century
Etic-emic distinction?
Contrast between psychological constructs that are relatively culture-universal and those that are relatively culture-specific
Ultimate attribution error?
Tendency to attribute bad outgroup ad good ingroup behaviour internally, and to attribute good outgroup and bad ingroup behaviour externally
Fundamental attribution error?
Bias in attributing another’s behaviour more to internal than to situational causes
Entitativity?
The property of a group that makes it seem like a coherent, distinct and unitary entity
Subculture of violence?
A subgroup of society in which a higher level of violence is accepted as the norm
Culture of honour?
A culture that endorses male violence as a way of addressing threats to social reputation or economic position
Machismo?
A code in which challenges, abuse and even differences of opinion must be met with fists or other weapons
Independent self?
A self that is relatively separate, internal and unique
Interdependent self?
A self that is relatively dependent on social relations and has more fuzzy boundaries
Values?
Overarching concepts that help organise attitudes
Level of explanation?
The types of concepts, mechanisms and language used to explain a phenomenon
What are the dimensions that could differentiate betwteen culture?
- Power distance - degree to which unequal power is accepted
- Uncertainty avoidance
- Masculinity/Femininity
4.Individualism / Collectivism
Individualism?
Societal structure and world view in which people prioritise standing out as an individual over fitting in as a group member
Collectivism?
Societal structure and world view in which people prioritise group loyalty, commitment and conformity, and belonging and fitting into groups, over standing out as an isolated individual
What are two additional dimensions other than individualism and collectivism?
- Openness to change vs. conservatism - es: ranging from autonomy to security and tradition
- Self enhancement vs. self transcendence - ranging from mastery and power to egalitarianism and harmony with nature
Three groupings of nations in terms of their value orientation?
- Western European nations are individualistic and egalitarian
- Eastern European nations are individualistic and hierarchical
- Asian nations are collectivist and hierarchical
Allocentric people?
Tend towards cooperation, social support, equality and honesty
Idiocentric people?
Tend towards need for achievement, anomie, alienation, loneliness and values such as a comfortable life, pleasure and social recognition
Prisoner’s dilemma?
Two person game in which both parties are torn between competition and cooperation and, depending on mutual choices, both can win or both can lose
Contact Hypothesis?
The view that bringing members of opposing social groups together will improve intergroup relations and reduce prejudice and discrimination
Display rules?
Cultural and situational rules that dictate how appropriate it is to express emotions in a given context
Acculturation?
The process whereby individuals learn about the rules of behaviour that are the characteristics of another culture
Options for immigrants?
- Integration - home culture but also relating to dominant culture
- Assimilation - giving up home culture and embracing dominant
- Separation - maintaining home culture and being isolated
- Marginalisation - giving up home culture and failing to relate properly to dominant culture
