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PARASITOLOGY - 2 > 9 – Horse Arthropods > Flashcards

9 – Horse Arthropods Flashcards

1
Q

Choriptes spp.

A
  • Surface mites: horses, cattle and sheep
  • Cause of chorioptic mange (mud-fever)
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2
Q

How do you diagnosis Choriptes spp.?

A
  • History/clinical appearance
  • Can be asymptomatic
  • Pruritis of pastern, heel, feather
  • Pruritic of tailhead (DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS FOR PINWORM)
  • Superficial skin scraping with KOH digest
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3
Q

How do you treat/control chorioptic mange?

A
  • Off label topical macrocyclic lactones/foot washes
  • Treat repeatedly and whole herd (and cattle + sheep)
  • *clip affected areas and use various topical insecticides
  • Clean environment
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4
Q

*Ticks in horses (5)

A
  • Dermacentor albipictus
  • Dermacentor variabilis
  • Dermacentor andersonii
  • Ixodes species
  • Otobius megnini
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5
Q

Dermacentor albipictus: # of hosts, season and infective stage on horse

A
  • 1
  • Winter
  • Larvae, nymph, adult
  • *female drop from host and lay eggs in environment
    o Horse infested with larvae in fall and molted to nymph and adults on the horse OVERWINTER
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6
Q

Does Dermacentor albipictus transmit any pathogens?

A
  • Maybe Anaplasma marginale in cattle
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7
Q

What can be used to treat Dermacentor albipictus?

A
  • Carbaryl (SEVIN) is only product approved in Canada for horses and cattle
  • *incidentally feeding on people, but not known to transmit agents that may cause disease in people
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8
Q

Dermacentor variabilis: # of hosts, season and infective stage on horse

A
  • 3 hosts
  • Spring
  • Adult
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9
Q

Dermacentor andersonii: # of hosts, season and infective stage on horse

A
  • 3 hosts
  • Spring
  • Adult
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10
Q

Ixodes species: # of hosts, season and infective stage on horse

A
  • 3
  • Spring, fall
  • Adult
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11
Q

Otobius megnini: # of hosts, season and infective stage on horse

A
  • 1
  • Annual
  • Larvae, nymph
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12
Q

What diseases can Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes pacificus spread?

A
  • Anaplasma phagocytophilium
    o Rare (BC, NS)
  • Borrelia burgdorferi
    o Rarely clinical in BC
  • *use SNAP tests
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13
Q

What does Dermacentor andersoni causes?

A
  • Paralysis in BC
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14
Q

What does Babesia caballi and Theileria equi cause?

A
  • Equine piroplasmosis
  • NOT in Canada
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15
Q

How do you diagnosis ticks?

A
  • Direct observation/clinical appearance
  • Collect and store fresh, frozen or ethanol
  • ID to genus level
  • *test for tick born pathogens IF clinical (many horses are not for Lyme disease)
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16
Q

Treatment and control of ticks

A
  • Manual removal (within 12-24hrs)
  • Environmental modifications (short grass, wood chips)
  • Topical repellents
  • Moxidectin, isoxazolines
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17
Q

What are the lice of horses? (2)

A
  • Damalinia (Werneckiella) equi
  • Haematopinus asini
  • *based on location and sucking vs. chewing
  • **eggs are at base of hair
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18
Q

How do horses become infested with lice?

A
  • Direct contact with an infested horse or possibly fomites
  • *specially in winter or early spring when horses CONFINED TO BARNS
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19
Q

Damalinia (Werkiella) equi

A
  • Chewing
  • Located on DORSO-LATERAL trunk
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20
Q

Haematopinus asini

A
  • Sucking
  • Mane, tailhead, fetlocks
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21
Q

Equine pediculosis

A
  • Most often infected during winter and early spring
    o Housing, long coats, humidity
  • Can live off host for up to 3 weeks (fomites)
  • Species specific: don’t carry other diseases
22
Q

Which horses are at highest risk of equine pediculosis?

A
  • Thick coats
  • Young foals
  • Senior horses
  • Pregnant mares
  • Ill or weak
23
Q

Diagnosis of lice

A
  • History and clinical appearance
  • Often asymptomatic (carriers)
  • Hair loss, irritation, pruritus, dandruff (anemia)
  • Nits on base of hair, recovery and ID of adult
24
Q

Treatment of lice

A
  • Topical pesticides: sprays, wipes, powders, shampoos
  • Systemic/oral macrocyclic lactones: may work for sucking lice
  • Treat repeatedly (**environment and fomites)
  • Highly contagious (TREAT ALL HORSES IN HERD)
25
Q

Flies of horses

A
  • Gasterofilus (bot flies)
  • Blood feeding (4)
26
Q

Gasterophilus life cycle (1 year) (bot flies)

A
  • Ingest L1 larvae
  • Develop in gingiva and go into GI tract (L2 to L3)
    o *species specific sites
  • Poop out L3 in the spring (good weather)
  • Goes to pupae and adult flies lay eggs on hairs
27
Q

Gasterophilus intestinalis (bot flies)

A
  • Eggs on forelimbs and shoulders
  • L3 in cardiac region of stomach
28
Q

Gasterophilus nasalis (bot flies)

A
  • Eggs on inter-mandibular region
  • L3 in pylorus and proximal duodenum
29
Q

Gasterophilus haemorrhoidalis (bot flies)

A
  • Eggs on hair of mouth and lips
  • L3 in rectum
30
Q

Clinical appearance of bots

A
  • High intensities anorexia
  • Colic
  • Anaemia
  • Cachexia
  • *adults can cause dangerous behaviour in some horses while laying eggs
31
Q

Diagnosis of bots

A
  • History and clinical appearance
    o Usually asymptomatic
  • Eggs on tips of hair
  • L3 on gastroscopy, passed in feces in spring, or post-mortem
32
Q

Treatment of bots

A
  • Ivermectin or moxidectin in fall after first frost
    o Usually treating for strongyles then anyways
  • Highly efficacious
33
Q

What are the blood feeding flies in horses?

A
  • Stomoxys calcitrans: stable fly
  • Tabanids: horse fly, deer fly, clegs
  • Midges
  • Mosquitoes
34
Q

Stomoxys calcitrans: stable fly

A
  • Females blood feed
  • Lay eggs in OLD manure/rotting vegetation
35
Q

What are Stomoxys calcitrans (stable fly) an IH for?

A
  • Habronema
  • Draschia
36
Q

Stomoxys calcitrans (stable fly) appearance

A
  • Arista
  • 4 longitudinal dark stripes on thorax
  • Prominent forward projecting proboscis
37
Q

Tabanids: horse fly, deer fly, Clegs

A
  • Slash feeders with painful bites
  • Females blood feed
  • Stout antennae, no arista, often banded/patterned eys, mouth parts face down
  • *mechanical disease transmission
  • **locate victims visually
38
Q

Mechanical disease transmission of tabanids

A
  • Equine infectious anemia: only survives 30mins on an insects mouthparts (CFIA reportable)
  • Anthrax
39
Q

Midges (Culicoides spp.) (C. sonorensis in Canada)

A
  • Adults females blood feed
  • Lay eggs in moisture/water
40
Q

Midges (Culicoides spp.) appearance

A
  • Tiny, short, stout legs
  • Long segmented antennae
  • Thorax humped
  • Patterned wings
41
Q

What are Midges (Culicoides spp.) vectors for?

A
  • Onchocerca
  • Viruses (vesicular stomatitis, African horse sickness)
42
Q

Sweet itch symptoms

A
  • Allergic reaction to saliva of midges
  • Papules on skin: particularly around mane and tail
  • Horses may rub=hair loss, scabs
43
Q

Sweet itch: treatment=prevention

A
  • Bring horses inside
  • Use mesh screens, fly sheets, insect repellants, stall fans
  • Feed Omega-3 (anti-inflammatory)
  • Limit breeding grounds (standing water)
  • Can use topical steroid creams/systemic antihistamines
44
Q

Mosquitoes (Culicidae)

A
  • Many species
  • Long legs and antennae
  • Aquatic larval cycle
  • Adult females blood feed
  • *major public health significance globally
45
Q

What are Culex tarsalis and Culex pipens vectors for?

A
  • WNV
  • WEEV (western equine encephalitis virus)
  • EEV (equine encephalosis virus)
46
Q

What is Aedes spp. a vector for?

A
  • Setaria equina (nematode)
47
Q

What are some other negative effects of biting flies?

A
  • Hypersensitivity
  • Stress: at work and at rest
  • Stomping
  • Weight loss
  • Ear sores
48
Q

Management of biting flies in horses

A

*eliminate breeding sites (water)
- Stabling schedule and hygiene
- Screens
- Site selection for grazing and manure piles

49
Q

Topical repellents for biting flies in horses

A
  • Sprays, wipes, powders, back rubbers
  • Do NOT work for tabanids
  • Pesticides: do NOT use off label
  • Wound care to prevent myiasis
50
Q

How are diseases often spread? (ex. show barns)

A
  • Show barns!
    o Clipped hair
    o Daily grooming
    o Sheets
    o Some=zero turnout
  • illegal doping (use same needle on every animal)
    o harder to get caught with one needle vs. 30

PARASITOLOGY - 2 (13 decks)

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