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PARASITOLOGY - 2 > 1 - Cattle and Sheep Arthropods > Flashcards

1 - Cattle and Sheep Arthropods Flashcards

1
Q

What are the surface mites of cattle and sheep?

A
  • Chorioptes sp. (most commonly seen in NA)
  • Psoroptes sp. (more relevant from clinical perspective)
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2
Q

What are the burrowing mites of cattle?

A
  • Sarcoptes sp.
  • Demodex sp.
  • *clinical disease RARE in Western Canada
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3
Q

Basic life cycle of mites

A
  • *all on HOST
    o Adults to eggs to larvae to nymphs
  • *10-14days
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4
Q

What are the types of Chorioptes?

A
  • C. bovis
  • C. ovis
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5
Q

Chorioptes adult characteristics

A
  • Pretarsus: Trumpets are on short, unjointed stalks
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6
Q

Chorioptes: prevalence and seasonality

A
  • Common in Canada
  • Winter
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7
Q

Chorioptes: disease

A
  • Severe LOCALIZED pruritius
  • Tail head, coronary bands
  • Alopecia, oozing, crusting +/- ulcers
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8
Q

Chorioptes: transmission

A
  • Cattle
  • Sheep
  • Horses
  • DIRECT CONTACT, but can survive on host for a few weeks
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9
Q

Treatment for Chorioptes

A
  • *all in contact with hosts
    o Including all cattle, sheep and horses (not highly host specific)
  • Topical or pour-ons
  • Know there is resistance to organophosphates
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10
Q

What are the types of Psoroptes?

A
  • P. ovis
  • P. bovis
  • P. equi
  • *species specific
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11
Q

Psoroptes adult characteristic

A
  • Long, segmented pretarsus
  • *annually notifiable disease in Canada
  • *MOST PATHOGENIC, more rare
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12
Q

Psoroptes: prevalence and seasonality

A
  • Very RARE in Canada
  • Winter
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13
Q

Psoroptes: disease

A
  • Severe GENERALIZED pruritus (sheep scab)
    o Animal welfare concern
  • Papules and pustules
  • Alopecia, oozing, crusting, thickening, hari loss
  • *can be fatal=self-trauma
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14
Q

Psoroptes: transmission

A
  • *HOST SPECIFIC strains
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15
Q

Psoroptes: treatment

A
  • All in contact with conspecifics
  • systemic
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16
Q

Cattle Psorptic mange: ‘sign’s

A
  • Mites cause exudate that forms a crust on surface=loss of fleece over affect area
  • Hair loss
  • Erythema
  • Thickening
  • Exudation
  • Pruritus
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17
Q

Catlle with Sarcoptic mange: symptoms

A
  • Hair loss
  • Severe puritus
  • Thickened skin
  • *highly contagious
  • *CATTLE SPECIFIC
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18
Q

Sarcoptes in cattle

A
  • only occassionaly observed in Canada
  • main symptoms: severe pruritus, thick skin
  • diagnosis: deep skin scraping
  • treatment: whole heard
  • transmission: cattle to cattle
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19
Q

Sarcoptes: prevelance

A
  • Rare in Canada
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20
Q

Sarcoptes: disease

A
  • Severe pruritus
  • Hair loss
  • Thick skin
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21
Q

Sarcoptes: transmission

A
  • *cattle to cattle
  • HIGHLY contagious
  • Fomites may play a role
  • *only transiently infest other species (people included)
22
Q

Sarcoptes: treatment

A
  • Need multiple DEEP skin scarping
  • *treat WHOLE herd
23
Q

Demodex characteristics

A
  • More common in cattle
  • Demodectic mange is almost non-existent
    o If see disease=likely a different problem occurring
  • *not contagious to other cattle
  • *NOT zoonotic
24
Q

Demodex: prevalence

A
  • Part of skin flora, but demodecic mange NOT common
25
Q

Demodex: disease

A
  • NOT contagious
    o Happens if there is immunological/underlying problem
26
Q

Demodex: transmission

A
  • Cattle
27
Q

Demodex treatment

A
  • ONLY affected ones
28
Q

Mange in sheep and cattle: diagnosis

A
  • History, SEASON, clinical appearance
  • Surface mites: KOH digest of superficial skin scrapings
  • Burrowing mites: deep skin scraping
29
Q

Treatment and control of mange in cattle

A
  • ELDU Macrocyclic lactones in fall
    o Pour on: Chorioptes
    o Parenteral (systemic): Psoroptes, Sarcoptes, Demodex
  • Fomites and chutes: Steam clean and treat with acaricide
30
Q

What are the Hard ticks of cattle and sheep?

A
  • Dermacentor variabilis (American dog tick)
  • Dermacentor andersoni (Rocky Mountain Wood Tick)
  • Dermacentor albipicuts (Winter Tick)
31
Q

Dermacentor variablis (American dog tick)

A
  • 3 hosts
  • Saskatchewan and East
  • Adults on cattle in May-June
  • *Transmits Anaplasma marginale among cattle
32
Q

Dermacentor andersoni (rocky mountain wood tick)

A
  • 3 host
  • WEST of SK (mainly BC)
  • Adults on cattle in Spring
  • Transmits Anaplasma marginale among cattle
  • *toxin from females associated with TICK PARALYSIS
33
Q

Dermacentor albipicus (Winter Tick)

A
  • 1 host tick: infested in the FALL
  • Anywhere you have cervids
  • Adults, larvae, nymph on cattle
  • Might transmit Anaplasma marginale? (transovarial transmission?)
    o IDEXX SNAP test would not work
34
Q

Dermacenter albipicus (Winter Tick): life cycle

A
  • Sept-Oct: larvae climb onto plants and wait for hosts to pass by
  • Sept-Nov: larva to nymph (on host)
  • Oct-Feb: nymph to adult (on host)
  • Feb-Mar: adults feed and mate
  • March-April: fed and bred females FALL to ground
  • June: eggs are laid
35
Q

Which animal is usually the host for Dermacentor albipictus?

A
  • Cervids (ex. moose or elk)
36
Q

Amblyomma americanum (lone star tick)

A
  • Can cause RED MEAT ALLERGY in people
  • Not in Canada yet
37
Q

Haemaphysalis longicornis (Asian longhorned tick): expanded version

A
  • NOT common in Canada, has invaded eastern USA
  • Concern for animals and humans due to direct feeding and ability to transmit pathogens
  • Should contact CFIA even not a reportable animal disease
  • *one single female can establish a whole population because it multiplies by parthenogenesis
  • Most similar to H. leporispalustris (rabbit tick)
38
Q

Soft ticks of cattle

A
  • Otobius megnini (Spinose Ear Tick)
39
Q

Otobius megnini (Spinose Ear Tick)

A
  • 1 host
  • *ONLY LARVAE AND NYMPHS parasitic: adults free-living
  • Not associated with tick paralysis or pathogen transmission
  • No symptoms to excess waxy exudate to severe inflammation
  • *ONLY BC
40
Q

Diagnosis of ticks in cattle and sheep

A
  • Direct observation
  • Season
  • ID to genus level
  • Serological screening of cows for Anaplasma
41
Q

Treatment and control of ticks in cattle and sheep

A
  • Generally not managed (unless paralysis)
  • Prevention: fence cervids out, don’t graze in tick habitat in spring (D. andersoni, D. variabilis) or fall (D. albipictus)
  • ON LABEL ONLY: topical repellents/insecticides
42
Q

Anaplasmosis

A
  • Bacterial disease (A. marginale and bovis)
43
Q

What are the reservoirs of anaplasmosis?

A
  • Persistently infected cattle and bison
  • Ticks
  • Deer and elk
44
Q

What are the vectors of anaplasmosis?

A
  • Ticks (biological)
  • Biting flies (mechanical)
  • Fomites (iatrogenic)
45
Q

Clinical signs of anaplasmosis

A
  • None
  • Weight loss
  • Hemolysis
  • Jaundice
  • Splenomegaly
  • Death
  • Mortality rate >30%
46
Q

Diagnosis of anaplasmosis

A
  • Location, season, signalment, clinical signs, necropsy
  • Blood smears (active infections)
  • ELISA (carriers)
  • *immediately notifiable disease
47
Q

Management of anaplasmosis

A
  • Prevent tick and fly biting
  • No approved vaccines or treatments
    o Some may reduce the disease, but don’t prevent infection
  • NO antimicrobials will clear carrier animals
    o Some may REDUCE disease
48
Q

What is an example of invasive ticks?

A
  • Haemaphysalis longicornis (Asian long-horned tick)
  • Amblyomma Americanum (Lone star tick)
49
Q

Haemaphysalis longicornis (Asian long-horned tick)

A
  • A female can reproduce without a male
  • *capitulum is like rabbit tick (darth vador)
50
Q

Amblyomma Americanum (Lone star tick)

A
  • Read meat allergy!

PARASITOLOGY - 2 (13 decks)

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