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PARASITOLOGY - 2 > 7 – Pig Parasites > Flashcards

7 – Pig Parasites Flashcards

1
Q

There are many possible parasites in pigs

A
  • Break life cycle by limiting access to IH
  • Limited survival of free-living stages in barn environment
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2
Q

Hyostrongylus rubidus (stomach)

A
  • Red stomach worm
  • Parasite of outdoor pigs (pasture transmitted)
    o Does NOT do well in barns as eggs are not environmentally resistant
  • Trichostrongyle with typical life cycle
    o Egg comes out of feces (L1 to L3)
  • Rarely causes clinical problems
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3
Q

What are some potential clinical problems with Hyostrongylus rubidus?

A
  • *rarely a problem
  • Ulceration, stomach perforation
  • Hemorrhage, anemia (blood feeder)
  • Decreased milk yield and fertility
  • NEVER DIARRHEA
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4
Q

*Ascaris suum (small intestine)

A
  • Large roundworm of pigs
  • Worldwide distribution: COMMON
  • Does well indoors
  • Parasite of grower pigs (2-5months)
    o Highest prevalence and intensity
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5
Q

*What is the morphology of ascaris suum?

A
  • Big, white worms
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6
Q

*What is the life cycle of Ascaris suum?

A
  • adults in SI
    o *extremely fecund females (200,000 eggs per female per day)
  • Eggs pass in feces (very sticky!)
    o Larval development occurs entirely within egg (L3 larvae in egg=infective for next host)
    o Temperature dependent development
    o *extremely hardy eggs (7-10 years: in shaded and damp conditions)
  • *hepato-tracheal migration
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7
Q

Why is Ascaris suum ‘great’ in pig barns?

A
  • Extremely fecund females
  • Extremely hardy eggs
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8
Q

*What is the PPP of Ascaris suum?

A
  • 6-8 weeks
  • NO transplacental infection
  • NO transmammary infection
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9
Q

*What is the pathogenesis of Ascaris suum?

A
  • *often asymptomatic
  • If present, due to MIGRATING LARVAE
  • Liver of lungs
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10
Q

Migrating larvae of Ascaris suum to liver

A
  • First infection: physical damage
  • Following infections: hypersensitivity
  • Allergic inflammation (eosinophilic)
  • “milk spots”
  • *condemned livers a problem
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11
Q

Migrating larvae of Ascaris suum to lungs

A
  • Emphysema
  • ‘heaves’ or ‘thumps’
  • Secondary bacterial and viral infections
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12
Q

Pathogenies of Ascaris sum due to adult worms

A
  • Subclinical effects
  • Performance problems
    o Weight gain, days to market
  • Rarely:
    o Obstruction
    o Perforation of gut wall
    o Occlude bile duct
  • Can go to other animals (not picky!)
  • *ZOONOTIC if consuming larvated eggs (more of a problem when feces used as fertilizer for veggies)
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13
Q

How do you diagnosis Ascaris suum?

A
  • Eggs in feces
  • Milk sport in liver at meat inspection
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14
Q

How do you control Ascaris suum?

A
  • Benzimidazoles, ML
    o Orally as feed additives over several days or paraenterally
  • Hygiene: clean and disinfect housing between batches
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15
Q

Benzimidazoles, ML for Ascaris suum in intensive farming

A
  • Treat before farrowing and moving among barns
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16
Q

Benzimidazole, ML for Ascaris suum when pigs on pasture

A
  • Treat in spring and fall
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17
Q

Are very young animals affected by Ascaris suum?

A
  • NOT younger than 2 months
  • *no transplacental transmission and PPP=6-8 weeks
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18
Q

If lambs ingested infective eggs of Ascaris suum, what symptoms would they most probably display?

A
  • HEAVES
    o Due to larvae migrating through lungs
  • Lambs and calves are aberrant hosts (do NOT develop patent infections)
    o Do experience lung and liver damage due to migration
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19
Q

Trichinella (small intestine and muscles)

A
  • Global distribution
  • ERADICATED in commercial swine in Canada (REPORTABLE)
  • Predominantly in wild carnivores in Canada
  • Direct life cycle
  • *foodborne transmission only (NO fecal or environmental stage)
  • Larvae of wildlife species=freeze resistant
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20
Q

Trichinella spiralis (pigs) and freezing

A
  • Freezing does KILL these larvae
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21
Q

Trichinella nativa (wild hosts) and freezing

A
  • Do SURVIVE freezing (multiple years!)
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22
Q

Direct life cycle of Trichinella

A
  • Adult nematodes in SI of host
  • L1 in muscles of SAME host
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23
Q

Domestic lifecycle (Trichinella spiralis: pigs) of Trichinella

A
  • Encysted larva in striated muscle of pig
    o Rats or other pigs eat it
  • Rat: muscle digests away and larvae are freed=go to small intestine and reproduce!
    o Stay in infected animal and larvae go to muscle tissue and wait until next host
  • *people: when eat undercooked meat of infected animals (with L1 larvae)
    o Most animals do NOT show symptoms
    o People DO show symptoms
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24
Q

Sylvatic lifecycle (Trichinella nativa: bears, polar bears, walrus and rats) of Trichinella

A
  • Predation and scavenging!
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25
Q

Diagnosis of Trichinella in people

A
  • Often subclinical
  • Adults in SI: diarrhea
  • Larvae in muscles: myalgia, fever, periorbital oedema, myocarditis (potentially fatal)
  • *serology, muscle biopsy, ECG
  • *ELISA testing most common in humans
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26
Q

Diagnosis of Trichinella in animals

A
  • Occasionaly in dogs and cats
  • Usually diagnosed post mortem in food animals with HCl-pepsin
  • Detect Ab in sera or meat juice
  • Gold standard: Artificial digest of muscles + larval recovery +/- genotyping
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27
Q

How do your recover Trichinella larvae from muscle? (‘artificial digestion’)

A
  1. Tissue sample
  2. Digestion with pepsin HCl and cook at 37 degree C
    a. Magnetic stirrer 60-90mins
  3. Sequential sedimentation
  4. Examination under microscope
28
Q

How do you treat Trichinella in animals?

A
  • Not warranted or practical
29
Q

How do you treat Trichinella in people?

A
  • Anthelmintics (ASAP)
    o Albendazole
    o menbendazole
  • Corticosteroids
30
Q

How do you control Trichinella?

A
  • Do NOT let pigs eat meat scraps, each other or infected rodents/wild life
  • *cook meat thoroughly prior to human consumption (at least 71 degrees C)
  • Freezing kills T. spiralis but NOT T. nativa (wild one)
  • Curing (salting), drying, smoking or microwaving the meat DOES NOT consistently ill infective larva
31
Q

CFIA and Trichinella

A
  • Maintains Canada’s disease-free status
  • Surveillance, regulation and testing
  • Prohibits feeding of meat products to pigs
  • *test all horse slaughtered in CFIA regulated abattoirs (rats accidently chopped up in feed)
  • *reportable animal disease
32
Q

Strongyloides suis (was S. ransomi)

A
  • Distributed in warmer climates: S. USA
  • NOT zoonotic
33
Q

What is the morphology and life cycle of Strongyloides?

A
  • Adults females in SI
  • Homogonic and heterogonic cycles
  • Percutaneous and oral transmission of L3
  • Prenatal and TRANSMAMMARY
    o Pathogen of nursing piglets (2 weeks old)
    o Single infection of sow=affects 3-4 litters
34
Q

Strongyloides in nursing piglets

A
  • Catarrhal enteritis
  • Dysentery
  • Anemia
  • 75% mortality
35
Q

What symptoms would you expect to see in a pig infected with Strongyloides suis?

A
  • Coughing (due to migrating larvae)
  • Abdominal pain
  • Vomiting
  • Bloody diarrhea
36
Q

How do you diagnosis Strongyloides suis?

A
  • Larvated eggs in fresh feces
37
Q

How do you control Strongyloides suis?

A
  • Hygiene
  • all in all out
  • Treat sows 14 days before farrowign and/or piglets <14days
38
Q

Oesophagostomum spp. (nodular worm)

A
  • Worldwide distribution
  • Pasture transmitted and does okay in barns
  • Typical trichostronglye life cycle and eggs
39
Q

Oesophagostomum spp. life cycle

A
  • L4 encyst in nodules in LARGE INTESTINE
    o ‘pimples’ (pathology)
  • *infective stage=L3
40
Q

Oesophagostomum spp. subclinical and clinical effects

A
  • Piglets: diarrhea, weight loss, anorexia
  • Finishing pigs: reduced weight gain
  • Sows: reduced litter sizes and milk production
41
Q

Oesophagostomum spp. control

A
  • Anthelmintics (ML) as per Ascaris
  • *resistance to benzimidazoles, pyrantel and levamisole
42
Q

Trichuris suis

A
  • Worldwide distribution
  • Large intestine in pigs
  • Does well indoors and outdoors
  • Zoonotic, but not common
43
Q

Morphology of Trichuris suis

A
  • Typical whimworm
  • *’lemon-shaped’ egg (hardy!)
44
Q

Life cycle of Trichuris suis

A
  • L1 develops inside egg=infective
  • Simple mucosal migration
  • *does good indoors b/c eggs are environmentally resistant
45
Q

Pathogenesis of Trichuris suis

A
  • Often asymptomatic
  • Subclinical and clinical effects (bloody mucous diarrhea)
    o Anorexia, poor weight gain
    o Large bowel diarrhea
    o DDx: swine dysentery
    o Hypoalbuminemia/anemia
46
Q

How do you control Trichuris suis?

A
  • Benzimidazoles (NOT ML)
  • Hygiene
47
Q

Trichuris suis zoonotic

A
  • Natural transmission is rare
  • Doesn’t fully develop in people
  • *sometimes T. suis eggs used in treatment of inflammatory bowel disease
48
Q

Metastrongylus spp. (pig lungworm)

A
  • World wide
  • Pasture transmitted
  • Indirect lifecycle with EARTHWORM IH
    o Pig passes larvated eggs in feces
    o Earthworm eats eggs (translated L1-L3)
    o Pigs eat L3 in earth worm=INFECTIVE STAGE
  • *verminous bronchopneumonia in young outdoor pigs
  • *treat with benzimidazoles, ML if needed
49
Q

What is the appropriate diagnostic test for Metastrongylus sp.?

A
  • FLOAT
  • *unusual for a lungworm
    o This one produces larvated eggs, not larvae!
50
Q

Taenia solium (pork tapeworm) lifecycle

A
  • DH or IH: humans (cysticerci) get it from eating undercooked pork
    o Eggs in feces
  • DH: pigs (cysticerci)
51
Q

Taenia solium (pork tapeworm)

A
  • NOT in Canada (CFIA reportable disease)
  • Most common in Latin America
  • Predatory-prey indirect life cycles
  • *neurocysticercosis and epilepsy
  • Eggs immediately infective and resistant
52
Q

Predatory-prey indirect life cycles (Taenia solium)

A
  • Humans DH OR IH
    o *autoinfection is possible
  • Swine IH
53
Q

Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis

A
  • Transmit year round in housed pigs (and pastured)
  • Problem in Europe
  • Tick scabs and crusts, HIGHLY PRURITIC, major production losses
  • *diagnosis with DEEP SKIN SCAPING
  • Causes TRANSIENT INFESTATION in people (self-limiting)
54
Q

How do you control Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis?

A
  • 2 doses of parenteral ML, given 2 weeks apart to all pigs
  • Decontamination of fomites
  • *highly contagious
55
Q

Haematopinus suis (sucking louse)

A
  • Outbreaks generally occur in winter
  • Itchy bites can lead to self excoriation and weight lose
  • *TREAT ALL ANIMALS on premise
  • *only have sucking lice (pigs ‘suck’, don’t chew)
56
Q

How do you diagnose Haematopinus suis (sucking louse)?

A
  • LARGE and dark in colour
  • *easily visible on pigs
57
Q

How do you control Haematopinus suis (sucking louse)?

A
  • Topical organophosphates OR single dose of ML often suffices due to residual effects
  • *treat ALL IN CONTACT WITH PIGS and remove any bedding and other fomites
58
Q

DIPTERA: Erystalis tenex: hover fly

A
  • Rat-tailed maggot: in pig manure
    o ‘snorkel’ so they can breath
59
Q

Pseudomyiasis

A
  • Third (final) instar of a blowfly in pig ileum
    o See in feces
    o FROM SOMETHING THEY ATE: larva not digested and potentially survive
  • *not actually a problem
60
Q

Coccidiosis 2 kinds (omnivores=both)

A
  • Eimeria spp.
  • Cystoisospora suis
61
Q

Eimeria spp

A
  • Harmless
  • Generally adult pigs
  • *4 sporocysts each containing sporozoites (8 sporozoites)
62
Q

Cystoisospora suis

A
  • Pathogenic in piglets (<2 weeks)
  • Yellow-gray, pasty diarrhea: often no blood
  • Loss of condition/dehydration
  • High morbidity, low mortality
  • *2 sporocysts each containing 4 sporozoites (8 sporozoites): isospora sporulated oocyst
63
Q

How do you control Cystoisopora suis?

A
  • If known problem, treat week old piglets with toltrazuril
  • Hygiene
64
Q

Toxoplasma gondii

A
  • Pigs common IH: most often acquired horizontally
    o Consumed sporulated oocysts in feed or water contaminated with CAT FECES
    o Consume tissue cysts in undercooked meat or rodents
  • *pigs common source of human infection
65
Q

Balantidium coli

A
  • Global distribution
  • Common in pigs
  • Large intestine ciliated protozoan
  • Trophozoites in gut
  • Cysts in feces
  • Generally harmless in pigs: rarely ulcers and diarrhea
  • *zoonotic
66
Q

Balantidium coli in people, rare cause of

A
  • Diarrhea
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Anorexia
67
Q

If you find a cysticercus in a pig, what is it probably from?

A
  • Taenia saginatta (humans are DH)
  • Pigs act as IH where larval stages develop in muscle
  • Humans can also be IH
    o Generates CNS symptoms (neurocysticercoids)
    o *most common cause of epilepsy around the world
    o From eating veggies contaminated with human feces or autoinfection (bad hygiene)

PARASITOLOGY - 2 (13 decks)

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