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PARASITOLOGY - 2 > 3a – Cattle and Sheep Protozoa I > Flashcards

3a – Cattle and Sheep Protozoa I Flashcards

1
Q

What is the prevalence of Giardia spp. in cattle?

A
  • High
  • *mostly in dairy
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2
Q

What is the distribution of Giardia spp.?

A
  • Worldwide
  • *mainly young
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3
Q

What is the impact of Giardia spp.?

A
  • Clinical disease is UNCOMMON
    o Acute, intermittent or chronic diarrhea
  • Reduced gain, feed efficiency, carcass weight can happen
  • May be influenced by concomitant infections (coccidia, nematodes)
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4
Q

What is the diagnosis for Giardia spp.?

A
  • Daily fecal samples: 3 days!
  • *zinc sulphate floatation, direct saline smear
    o Trophozoites are fragile
  • *Coproantigen/PCR
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5
Q

What is the management of giardia?

A
  • Fenbendazole (different than small animals)
  • *address contaminated environment/water
    o Chlorination not usually effective
    o Ozonation/filtration
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6
Q

What are the hosts of G. duodenalis (A)?

A
  • *Humans
  • Primates
  • Dogs
  • Cats
  • *Livestock,
  • Rodents
  • Wild mammals
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7
Q

What are the subclassifications of G. duodenalis (A)?

A
  • A-I: humans and animals
  • A-II: humans
  • A-III and IV: EXCLUSIVELY IN ANIMALS
  • *not all are zoonotic
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8
Q

What are the hosts of G. duodenalis (B)?

A
  • Humans
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9
Q

What are the hosts of G. duodenalis (E) (G. bovis)?

A
  • Cattle
  • Hoofed livestock
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10
Q

Tritrichomonas foetus: ‘general info’

A
  • NO free living or cyst stage
  • DIRECT TRANSMISSION
  • *cattle and cat strains are genetically different
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11
Q

T. blagburni in cats

A
  • Intestinal
  • Chronic diarrhea
  • Flatulence
  • Tenesmus
  • Fecal incontinence
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12
Q

T. foetus in cattle

A
  • Venereal
  • Pyometra
  • Embryonic death
  • Late-term abortions
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13
Q

What is the transmission and pathogenesis of Tritrichomonas foetus? (location and how they are transmitted)

A
  • Live in genital mucosa
  • SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED
    o Naturally, but survives AI (liquid nitrogen)
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14
Q

Tritrichomonas foetus in bulls

A
  • *asymptomatic carries (primary source in herd)
  • INFECTED for life
    o Crypts of prepuce (deeper in older bulls)
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15
Q

Tritrichomonas foetus in infected cows

A
  • Return to estrus after early embryonic death
  • Pyometrea, decrease in pregnancy rates
  • *most CLEAR infection and cycle again
  • Few remain carriers (not clear)
  • *RE-infection is possible
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16
Q

How is Tritrichomonas foetus diagnosed?

A
  • Decreased pregnancy rates
  • Increased OPEN cows in newly infected herds (50-80%)
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17
Q

How is Tritrichomonas foetus diagnosed in cows?

A
  • Parasite OR DNA on cervical mucous
  • Uterine fluids from aborting cows
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18
Q

How is Tritrichomonas foetus diagnosed in abortus?

A
  • Stomach fluid
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19
Q

How is Tritrichomonas foetus diagnosed in bulls?

A
  • *most reliable=herd level
  • Preputial scrapings (or washes)
  • REPEATED sampling (3 tests at weekly intervals)
    o Do NOT freeze
20
Q

How is Tritrichomonas foetus diagnosed in any affected animals?

A
  • Direct observation, culture or PCR
  • *higher sensitivity than culture along
  • Higher specificity: differentiates from other trichomonads, rumen contaminants and free-living organisms
21
Q

How do you control Tritrichomonas foetus?

A
  • No effective treatment or vaccine
  • Cows: do not breed for at least 3 months
  • Quarantine new animals to herd
  • Test and cull bulls
  • Use only young bulls (<4yo) on pastures or AI from clean bulls
22
Q

What if you suspect or confirm a case of Tritrichomonas foetus?

A
  • Notify the Chief provincial vet with AB and BC
  • *annually notifiable by lab to CFIA
23
Q

Apicomplexa general characteristics?

A
  • Mostly intra-cellulr parasties
  • Ubiquitous
  • SOME host specific (ex. coccida)
24
Q

What are the 2 types of ‘life cycle’s of apicomplex?

A
  1. Intestinal, direct life cycle
    a. Eimeria spp-coccidiosis
  2. Tissue cyst forming, indirect life cycle
    a. Sarcocystis
    b. Neospora (cattle)
    c. Toxoplasma (sheep)
25
Q

Coccidia

A
  • Obligate INTRACELLULAR parasites
  • Parasitizes GUT EPITHELIUM
  • World wide distribution, high prevalence
  • Complex life cycle
26
Q

What is the infective stage of coccidia?

A
  • Sporulated oocyst
    o Highly resistant to cleaning agents and harsh environmental conditions
27
Q

What is the relevance of coccidiosis?

A
  • High COST to livestock industry
  • Clinical disease often with INTENSIVE production systems
    o Sub-clinical disease impacts production
28
Q

What are the risk factors of coccidiosis?

A
  • Stocking density
  • Poor hygiene
  • Stress
  • History of coccidiosis
29
Q

What is the life cycle of Eimeria species (coccidosis): ‘basic’

A
  • IN HOST: Merogony and gametogony in enterocytes
  • FECES: unsporulated oocysts
  • Sporulation in environment: 8 sporozoites in 4 sporocysts
30
Q

Eimeria lifecycle ‘steps’

A
  1. Oocyst released into gut lumen and into feces to environment
  2. Ingestion of sporulated oocyst
  3. Sporozoites release from oocyst into intestine
    a. Penetrate epithelial cells
    b. Contained within parasitophorous vacuole in cytoplasm
  4. Sporozoites divide: Merogony
  5. Host cell ruptures releasing merozoites which infect new host cells: repeats 2-5 times
  6. Gamete-like stage form
31
Q

What is the infective stage of Eimeria?

A
  • Sporulated oocyst
32
Q

Bovine coccidiosis

A
  • 13 species currently
    o Different disease potentials
    o E. bovis=SEVERE disease POTENTIAL
  • Host-specific (cattle and bison)
33
Q

What are the Eimeria sp. (bovine coccidiosis) that have a SEVERE disease potential?

A
  • E. bovis
  • E. zuernii
34
Q

What is the disease of bovine coccidiosis?

A
  • Occur indoors (more common), yard, or pasture
  • Commonly seen in calves (2-12 months of age)
  • Acute or chronic diarrhea or sub-clinical impacts (growth)
  • Older cattle: rarely see disease, but are important
35
Q

Why can there be high oocyst numbers (Bovine coccidiosis), but without clinical signs?

A
  • Maybe a non-pathogenic species
36
Q

Why can there be clinical signs but without oocysts in feces (Bovine coccidiosis)?

A
  • Pre-patent period
  • Already causing damage though
37
Q

What are the signs of clinical coccidiosis?

A
  • Diarrhea (sometimes bloody)
  • Anorexia
  • Abdominal pain
38
Q

What are the signs of coccidiosis at necropsy?

A
  • Intestinal mucosa thickened and congested
  • Hemorrhage often present
  • Mucosal sloughing in extreme cases
39
Q

Acute coccidiosis: ‘obvious’ in dairy calves

A
  • Young animals
  • Anytime (summer more common for younger animals)
  • Infected from dams, triggered by STRESS
  • High morbidity, low mortality
40
Q

What are the symptoms you see with acute coccidiosis in dairy calves?

A
  • Abdominal pain
  • Diarrhea, dysentery
  • Tenesmus
  • Dehydration
  • Weakness
  • Inappetence
  • ‘winter coccidiosis’ (more ‘crammed housing’
41
Q

Chronic coccidiosis: ‘diagnostic challenge’

A
  • Chronic diarrhea
  • Sub-clinical production impacts
    o Reduced growth rates
    o Delayed puberty/fertility
42
Q

What is nervous coccidiosis?

A
  • Muscular tremors, hyperesthesia, convulsions with ventrofexion of head and neck, nystagmus, high mortality
  • Not replicated experimentally
  • Increasing in northern USA and Canada
43
Q

How do you diagnosis Eimeria spp. (bovine cocidiosis)?

A
  • Clinical signs
  • *oocyst in feces
    o Species ID based on features of sporulated oocyst (morphology can be hard)
    o FLOATATION technique
44
Q

How can you prevent coccidiosis?

A
  • IMPOSSIBLE to get a ‘Eimeria-free’ environment
  • *aim to minimize build up of sporulated oocysts in environment
  • allow gradual acquisition of immunity to reduce disease risk
  • *oocysts survive prolonged periods: winter, spread via feed, water, coats, fomites
45
Q

What are ways to have good hygiene and avoid overcrowding to prevent coccidiosis?

A
  • Clean water tanks and feed bunks regularly
  • Provide adequate bedding and reduce manure build up
  • Clean and disinfect holding areas between groups
    o 10% bleach for at least 2h
    o Dry and exposure to sunlight if possible
46
Q

What are ways to monitor to prevent coccidiosis?

A
  • fecal oocyst count testing
  • 10 animals
  • Provides evidence-base for intervention strategies including chemotherapy
47
Q

What are some preventatives or therapeutic chemotherapy for Coccidiosis?

A
  • In feed, water or oral dosing
  • Needs to cover period of risk
  • *treat ALL calves and lambs
  • Toltrazuril, ponazuril (coccidiocidal)
  • Sulfonamids/Ionophores

PARASITOLOGY - 2 (13 decks)

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