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PARASITOLOGY - 2 > 8 – Poultry Parasites > Flashcards

8 – Poultry Parasites Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 GI nematodes of poultry?

A
  • Capillaria sp.
  • Ascaridia galli
  • Heterakis gallinarum
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2
Q

Capillaria spp

A
  • Crop and small intestine
  • Direct (C. contorta) AND
  • indirect lifecycles with EARTHWORM IH (C. annulata)
  • Infective stage=L1 in egg
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3
Q

What recommendations would you give a producer if you found Capilaria?

A
  • Prevent access to earthworms
  • All in all out management
  • Treat as other GI nematodes
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4
Q

Ascaridia galli

A
  • Small intestine
    o Haemorrhagic enteritis (diarrhea) w/larval stage in mucosa
    o Adults in lumen leading to obstruction
  • Direct life cycle
  • Infective stage=L3 in egg
  • Viable or calcified parasites may be found in albumin part of hens egg
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5
Q

How do you treat Ascaridia galli?

A
  • Piperzine in feed or water
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6
Q

Heterakis gallinarum

A
  • Caecum
  • Direct life cycle +/- earthworm PH
    o Direct=do well indoors (especially in deep litter)
    o *more of a problem in backyard flocks (especially if involves earthworm)
  • Infective stage=L3 in egg
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7
Q

What is the significance of the Heterakis gallinarum and the worm?

A
  • Egg act as a shelter for Histomonas meleagridis (protozoa)
    o Causative agent for black head or entero hepatitis in turkeys
  • *important to prevent access to earthworm
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8
Q

What is the respiratory nematode of poultry?

A
  • Syngamus trachea
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9
Q

Syngamus trachea

A
  • *Gapeworm and anemia
  • Causes gapes: bird gasp b/c of tracheal obstruction and inflammation
  • Adults in trachea blood feed (ANEMIA)
  • Life cycle direct +/- PH
  • Infective stage=L3
  • *male and females in permanent copulation forming a Y
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10
Q

The infective stage of Syngamus trachea is L3 and can be (locations)

A
  • Inside egg
  • Free in environment
  • Inside PH (earthworms, snails, cockroaches, flies)
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11
Q

How do you diagnosis Syngamus trachea?

A
  • Eggs in feces
  • Necropsy
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12
Q

Control of nematodes in poultry

A
  • Seldom necessary
  • All in all out, cleaning and disinfection
  • Biosecurity to keep eggs from being tracked in and wild birds and earthworms out
  • *mainly a problem in backyard flocks, free-range, organic and deep-litter systems
  • *if necessary benzimidazoles or levamisole in feed or water
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13
Q

What is a cestode of the small intestine?

A
  • Davainea proglottina
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14
Q

Davainea proglottina

A
  • Dwarf tapeworm (0.5-3mm)
  • Hooks on rostellum and suckers have SPINES
  • Indirect lifecycle with slug or snail IH
  • Generally asymptomatic
  • Can cause enteritis and poor production
  • *young birds in free rang flocks
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15
Q

How do you diagnosis Davainea proglottina?

A
  • Necropsy
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16
Q

How do you treat Davainea proglottina?

A
  • Praziquantel or benzimidazoles
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17
Q

What is a trematode of the oviduct?

A
  • Prosthogonimus macrorchis
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18
Q

Prosthogonimus macrochis

A
  • Oviduct fluke (trematode)
  • 2 IH life cycle
    o Snaile
    o Dragon fly niads
  • *’salphingitis’ with fatal peritonitis
  • *in USA and Canada near the Great Lakes
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19
Q

Prosthogonimus macrochis lifecycle

A
  • Eggs passed in droppings
  • Enter snail
  • Cercaria go into dragon gly niads and become metacercariae
  • Chickens get it from ingesting the infected dragon flies
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20
Q

If Prosthogonimus macrochis was found in an egg, what does that suggest?

A
  • Suggests that the worm had migrated ABOVE the shell gland in the oviduct to incorporate inside the egg
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21
Q

Does Prosthogonimum macrochis cause any disease?

A
  • Not a problem as most commercial egg hens do NOT have access to dragon flies
  • Lightly infected: no clinical signs
  • Heavy infections: damage the oviduct leading to decreased egg production and egg yolk peritonitis that can be FATAL
  • *no effective treatment approved
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22
Q

What are the burrowing mites of poultry?

A
  • Cnemidocoptes mutans
  • Cnemidocoptes gallinae
  • Cnemidocoptes pilae
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23
Q

Cnemidocoptes mutans

A
  • *burrowing mite
  • Scaly leg
  • Chickens and turkeys
  • *treat with Ivermectin (repeat in 2 weeks)
    o Don’t treat environment
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24
Q

Cnemidocoptes gallinae

A
  • De-pluming itch
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25
Q

Cnemidocoptes pilae

A
  • ‘beak rot’/mange
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26
Q

Cnemidocoptes spp. in generally

A
  • Not zoonotic
  • Treat pet birds: ivermectin repeated in 2 weeks
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27
Q

What are the surface mites of poultry?

A
  • Dermanyssus gallinae
  • Ornithoyssus sylvarum
  • *BOTH ZOONOTIC (rash and itching)
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28
Q

Dermanyssus gallinae (poultry red mite)

A
  • Red mite, roost mite
  • *on birds at night
    o Environment during day
  • Lifecycle complete in a few days
  • Blood-feeders
  • Infests domestic and wild birds
  • ZOONTIC
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29
Q

Dermanyssus gallinae characteristics

A
  • Surface mite: long legs, oval body
  • *anus is POSTERIOR in anal plate (DOWN!)
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30
Q

How do you manage Dermanyssus gallinae?

A
  • Treat animal AND environment
    o Environment: resistance is a problem (try between SiO2 or sulfur dust and bed bug treatment (>45C for a few days when empty))
    o ML may be useful
  • On bird at night, environment during day
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31
Q

Dermanyssus gallinae vs. Ornithoyssus sylvarum morphology

A
  • D. gallinae: anus posterior in anal plate (DOWN)
  • O. Sylvarum: anus anterior in anal plate
32
Q

Ornithoyssus sylvarum

A
  • Northern fowl mite
  • Surface mite
  • ANTERIOR anus (UP=North)
  • *on birds ALL the time
  • Life cycle complete in a few days
  • Blood-feeders
  • Infests domestic and wild birds
  • ZOONOTIC
33
Q

How do you manage Ornithoyssus sylvarum?

A
  • TREAT animals
    o On birds at all times
    o Ivermectin 2x week
34
Q

What is the soft tick of poultry?

A
  • Argas sp. (Fowl tick)
35
Q

Argas sp. (fowl tick)

A
  • Tick paralysis: young chicks
  • Vector: avian spirochateosis, Rickettsia
36
Q

Control of ticks and mites in poultry

A
  • Dermanyssus and Argas=ENVIRONMENT
  • RESISTANCE is becoming a problem
  • Heat >45 degree C for several days between batches
  • Mite traps
  • Diatomaceous earth (SiO2), sulfur dust
  • Acaricides
37
Q

How do you control Ornithoyssus?

A
  • Extralabel ivermectin
  • 2X treatment a week apart
38
Q

What are some acaricides?

A
  • Pyethroids
  • Carbamates
  • Organophosphates
  • spinosad
39
Q

Lice in poultry (Goniodes meleagridis)

A
  • *only chewing lice on birds
  • Different locations of chicken
  • Entire lifecycle on chicken
  • *biting lice of turkeys
  • *TREAT ALL IN CONTACT TURKEYS
40
Q

How do you diagnose lice in poultry?

A
  • Visual inspection
41
Q

How do you treat life in poultry?

A
  • Off label insecticide powders
  • Repeat treatment as nits hatch out
42
Q

Cimex lectularius (bed bugs)

A
  • Poultry breeder flocks
  • Heavy infestations in chicken houses
  • Insect=6 legs, 3 parts of body
  • *nocturnal feeders
  • ZOONOTIC
43
Q

What does Cimex lectularius (bed bugs) do to chickens?

A
  • Excessive feather loss and irritation
  • Lesions on breasts and legs
  • Possible ANEMIA in severe cases
44
Q

How would you eliminate Cimex lectularius?

A
  • Call exterminator and/or use heat >45C for a few days when animals leave the house
45
Q

Stick-tight flea of poultry

A
  • Normally affect comb
    o Burrow into it and lead to wounds and ulcerations
    o Lay eggs
  • *jump from host to host (‘big hindlegs)
  • ANGULAR head
46
Q

Ceratophyluss gallinae (nest flea of chickens)

A
  • Jump from host to host
  • Rounded head
  • Chicken and HUMANS
47
Q

Tetratrichomonas gallinarum: hosts

A
  • Turkey
  • Chicken
  • Guinea fowl
  • Quail
  • Pheasant
  • Partridge
  • Goose
48
Q

What disease does tetratrichomonas gallinarum cause?

A
  • Typhlitis/Typhlohepatitis
  • Avian trichomonas of LOWER DIGESTIVE TRACT
49
Q

Trichmonas gallinae: host

A
  • PIGEONS
  • Turkey, chicken, hawk, mourning dove, golden eagle
  • Virulent strain: Jones’ Barn strain
50
Q

What disease does Trichmonas gallinae cuase?

A
  • Yellow button
  • Avian trichmonosis of UPPER DIGESTIVE TRACT
  • *localized and generalized
51
Q

Localized Trichmonas gallinae

A
  • Throat-crop form/yellow button
52
Q

Generalized Trichomonas gallinae

A
  • Can spread to inner organs like heart, liver, lung, air sacs
  • LETHAl FORM
53
Q

What is the mode of transportation of Trichmonas gallinae?

A
  • Oral route
  • Pigeon squabs through crop milk
54
Q

Histomonas meleagridis

A
  • TURKEYS
  • Trophozoite only
  • Transmitted directly and indirectly
  • *blackhead OR infectious enterohepatitis
55
Q

Histomonas meleagridis transmitted directly

A
  • Cecal flagellate shed in fresh feces (cloacal, drinking)
56
Q

Histomonas meleagridis transmitted indirectly

A
  • Cecal flagellate inside the larvae of CECAL NEMATODE Heterakis gallinarum (+/- inside earthworm PH)
57
Q

What are some signs of histomoniasis in turkeys?

A
  • Listlessness
  • Reduced apetite
  • Drooping wings
  • SULPHUR-YELLOW DROPPINGS
  • Occasionally CYANOSIS OF COMB AND WATTLES (blackhead)
58
Q

What will you see post mortem in turkey with histomoniasis?

A
  • ‘bulls-eye’ lesions on liver
  • CASEOUS cores in caecum
  • Histology, culture, PCR
59
Q

How do you control Histomonas meleagridis?

A
  • SEPARATE CHICKENS (carrier) and turkey
  • Environmental hygiene
  • Eliminate Heterakis nematode infections
  • *no licensed treatment (paromycin?)
60
Q

Eimeria spp.

A
  • COCCIDIOSIS
    o Can trigger overgrowth of Clostridium perfringens causing necrotic enteritis
  • *different ones in different locations and diseases
  • *often see overlapping pathologies
61
Q

What are the 3 most pathogenic Eimeria spp.?

A
  • E. tenella: Caecal coccidiosis
  • E. necatrix
  • E. brunetti: rectal coccidiosis
62
Q

What is the lifecycle of Eimeria spp?

A
  • One host (monoxenous life cycle)
  • Unsporulated oocysts excreted in species
    o Sporulate in environment
  • Infective stage=SPORULATED OOCYST (8 sporozoites in 4 sporocysts)
  • 2nd generation merozoites are responsible for pathogenesis
  • *gametogony in cecum
63
Q

Eimeria tenella

A
  • Hemorrhagic spots on cecal mucosa
  • Caeca dilated
    o Unclotted and partly clotted blood (with schizonts or merozoites)
  • Caecal core with gamont stages detaching from mucosa
64
Q

Eimeria necatrix

A
  • Ballooning of intestine
    o Lumen filled with fluid, blood and tissue debris
  • White plagues or red petechia on serosal surface
  • Dead birds: foci will be black and white giving SALT AND PEPPER APPERANCE
65
Q

Eimeria brunetti

A
  • Lesions b/w yolk stalk and caeca
  • RECTAL COCCIDOSIS
66
Q

Eimeria truncata (kidneys, geese)

A
  • Renal coccidiosis
  • High mortality
  • *diagnosis enlarged grey kidneys; histology and impression smear
    o Oocysts recovery from cloacal fecal flotations
  • *control with SULPHAS
67
Q

Control of Eimeria

A
  • Hygiene and good husbandry
  • Chemoprophylaxis: anticoccidials in feed and water (resistance!)
  • Vaccines in feed, water, sprays
  • *alternating chemotherapy and vaccines
  • Probiotics and herbal compounds
  • *amprolium and sulponamides
68
Q

Amprolium (coccidiosis control)

A
  • Mainly used for treatment during outbreaks by administering in drinking water
69
Q

Sulphoamides (coccidiosis control)

A
  • Used for treatment
    o Caution due to residue effects in food animals!
70
Q

Alternating chemotherapy and vaccines for Eimeria control

A
  • *replacing drug resistant strains with susceptible strains (vaccine strains)
71
Q

Vaccines for Eimeria: 3 generations

A
  1. Live wild type parasites
  2. Live attenuated strains
  3. Subunit vaccine
72
Q

2nd generation: live attenuated strains (Eimeria vaccine)

A
  • With PRECOCIOUS DEVELOPMENT
  • *fewer cycles of merogony
  • Problems: Limited to breeders and layers, $$
  • Ex. Livacox, Paracox, Vaxxilive cocci 3
73
Q

Cryptosporidium melegridis: location

A
  • Intestines
  • *uncommon zoonosis
74
Q

Cryptosporidium baileyi: location

A
  • Respiratory tract
75
Q

Cryptospordium galli: location

A
  • Proventriculus

PARASITOLOGY - 2 (13 decks)

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