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PARASITOLOGY - 2 > 2 – Cattle and Sheep Lice and Fleas > Flashcards

2 – Cattle and Sheep Lice and Fleas Flashcards

1
Q

What are the cattle and sheep chewing lice?

A
  • Damalina (Bovicola) bovis
  • Damalinia ovis (sheep)
  • *WIDE HEADS
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2
Q

What are the cattle and sheep sucking lice?

A
  • Linognathus: reduced first pair of legs
  • Haematopinus: same length legs (CATTLE ONLY)
  • *NARROW HEADS
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3
Q

Why are chewing and sucking lice often seen in winter?

A
  • HIGH CLOSE CONTACT
    o Stressed, high density and long hair coats
    o *highly contagious
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4
Q

Life cycle of lice

A
  • All on host
  • Adults feed: blood or dander
  • Eggs (Nits)
  • Nymphs feed: blood or dander
  • *3 weeks
  • *HIGHLY HOST SPECIFIC
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5
Q

Cattle with lice: signs and seasonality

A
  • *highly contagious (treat ALL in herd)
    o Clean fomites and environment
  • Pruritus
  • Hair loss
  • Anemia
  • Decreased appetite
  • Production loss
  • *usually during winter
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6
Q

How do you diagnosis lice in cattle and sheep?

A
  • History and clinical appearance
    o Often asymptomatic (carriers)
    o Hair loss, irritation, pruritus, dandruff, anemia
    o Nits on base of hair
    o Recovery and ID of adult lice
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7
Q

How do you treat lice in cattle and sheep?

A
  • Pour-on macrocyclic lactones
    o Reports of lack of efficacy in W. Canada
    o *better for sucking than chewing
    o Pyrethroid pour-on (adults)
    o Insect growth regulators (inhibit egg hatching)
  • *treat environment and fomites
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8
Q

What are the 3 groups of flies in cattle and sheep?

A
  1. Biting/Feeding flies
  2. Bot flies (obligate myiasis flies)
  3. Keds and myiasis flies
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9
Q

Biting/feeding flies: basic info

A
  • Feed on secretions or blood
  • Larva development on aquatic environments
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10
Q

Biting/feeding flies in cattle and sheep: blood feeding examples

A
  • Simulium spp. (black flies)
    o *important for transmission of Onchocerca
  • Haematobia irritans (horn fly)
    o *major pest of cattle, cluster on back and sides
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11
Q

Biting/feeding flies in cattle and sheep: secretion feeding examples

A
  • Musca autumnalis (face fly)
    o *important for transmission of Moraxella (pink eye)
    o IH for an eye nematode (Thelazia)
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12
Q

Simulium spp. (black fly) ID

A
  • Antennae: sensory
  • Palps: sensory
  • Proboscides: feed
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13
Q

Simulium spp. (black fly) life cycle

A
  • Adults FEMALES blood feed
  • Adults MATE on the fly
  • Females lay EGGS in FAST-flowing water
  • Larvae hatch and attached to rocks/stones and vegetation
  • Larvae pupate
  • Pupae hatch to release adult flies which FLOAT to surface in an AIR bubble
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14
Q

Simulium spp. pathogenesis

A
  • Blood-feeding and nasty bites by females: attack in swarms
  • *salivary toxin=cause vascular damage (simuliotoxicosis)
  • Lacerate tissues=forming blood pool
  • Allergic reactions, severe pruritis: even anaphylaxis and deaths
  • *vector for many important pathogens (Onchocera sp.)
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15
Q

Onchocera spp.

A
  • Filarial nematode important in cattle and humans
  • Humans: RIVER BLINDNESS
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16
Q

Simulium spp. control

A
  • Several insecticides approved in Canada
  • Biological larvicides or their toxins
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17
Q

Haematobia irritans (horn fly) and Musca autumnalis (face fly): life cycles

A
  • ON HOST:
    o Horn flies: feed on blood
    o Face fly: feed on ocular and nasal secretions
  • ON FRESH CATTLE FECES
    o Female lays eggs
    o 3 larval stages
    o Larvae pupate
    o Adults emerge from pupal cocoons
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18
Q

What can horn flies transmit?

A
  • Nematode Stephanofilaria stilesi
    o Dwells in ventral midline
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19
Q

Haematobia irritans: ID

A
  • Arista
  • Piercing mouth parts
  • Long, club-shaped palps
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20
Q

Musca autumnalis: ID

A
  • Arista
  • Non-piercing, sponge-like mouthparts (labella)
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21
Q

Biting/feeding flies significance (and pathogenesis)

A
  • Harassment
  • Anemia
  • Dermatitis
  • Hypersentivity (mainly horses: longer lifespan)
  • Pathogen transmission
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22
Q

What do mosquitoes transmit?

A
  • IH for peritoneal nematode Setaria
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23
Q

What do black flies transmit?

A
  • IH for nematode Onchocerca
24
Q

What do horn flies transmit?

A
  • IH for nematode Stephanofilaria (skin lesions in cattle)
25
Q

What do face flies transmit?

A
  • IH for eye nematode Thelazia
  • Mechanical vector of bacterium Moraxella bovis (pink eye)
26
Q

Midges are important as a biological vector for

A
  • *bluetongue virus (cattle, sheep, deer)
    o Sporadic outbreaks in Okanagan valley
    o Wind blowing from USA
  • We lost blue-tongue free status in 2015
  • Strains are endemic in USA
  • *can also transmit epizootic hemorrhagic disease (viruses)
27
Q

Management of biting flies

A
  • Stie selection: grazing vs. manure piles
  • Eliminate arthropod breeding sties (water)
  • Larvicidal treatments of environment (chemical and biolgocial)
28
Q

Topical repellents and insecticides:

A
  • Sprays, wipes, powders, ear tags
    o Do NOT use pesticides off label
    o *horn flies resistance to organophosphates and pyrethroids
29
Q

What can inhibit development of face and horn fly in larvae in manure for up to 6 weeks?

A
  • Pour-on ML
30
Q

What are some ways to prevent myiasis through wound car?

A
  • Time dehorning
  • Castration for COOLER times
31
Q

Bot flies (obligate myiasis flies): basic info

A
  • Invasion of living tissues as part of life cycle
  • *host for larval development must be ALIVE and needed for continuation of the life cycle
32
Q

Bot flies (obligate mysiasis flies): examples

A
  • Hypoderma bovis and H. lineatum
    o *warbles, cattle grubs
  • Oestrus ovis (sheep nasal bot)
33
Q

Bot flies life cycle of Hypoderma spp.

A
  • ENVIRONMENT:
    o Adults do NOT feed (NO MOUTH): annoying behaviour and noise
  • ON HOST
    o Lay eggs on host hair
    o Over winter: larvae which burrow and migrate
  • Spring: larva to pupate in ENVIRONMENT
  • *1 year
34
Q

Hypoderma Bovis life cycle

A
  • Adults in environment (summer)
  • Eggs on hair
  • In fall: one week to hatch and then L1 migrate through SPINAL CANAL
  • Winter: L1 to L2 to L3 in the SC
  • Spring: L3 exit through skin
    o Pupae in environment
35
Q

Hypoderma lineatum life cycle

A
  • Adults in environment (summer)
  • Eggs on hair
  • In fall: one week to hatch and then L1 migrate through esophagus wall to sub-mucosa of esophagus
  • Winter: L1 to L2 to L3 and make there way to the skin
  • Spring: L3 exit through skin
    o Pupae in environment
36
Q

Diagnosis of Hypoderma bovis and Hypoderm lineatum

A
  • Detection of L3 on dorsum or at necropsy
    o back of cow (H. bovis) or esophagus (H. lineatum)
  • Prior to hide damage: serology during winter
37
Q

When do you treat Hypoderma bovis and H. lineatum?

A
  • FALL (before L1 have set up in SC or esophagus)
  • *targeted systematic treatment (WHOLE HERD)
  • *programs and effective treatments have reduced occurrence of Hypoderma sppl in western Canada and elsewhere in the world
    o Need to stay vigilant and use efficacious products
38
Q

What would happen if you treat and kill Hypoderma bovis in the winter?

A
  • Immune response
    o Stiffness
    o Ataxia
    o Muscular weakness
    o paralysis
39
Q

What would happen if you treat and kill Hypoderm lineatum in the winter?

A
  • Inflammation of esophageal wall
  • Swelling
  • Dysphagia
  • Drooling
  • Bloat
40
Q

If you have to treat is the winter, then how should you treat and the dose? (Hypoderma spp.)

A
  • Low does of ivermectin slowly kills L1 when in SC or esophagus
  • *risk for resistance
41
Q

Keds and myiasis flies: basic info

A
  • Open wounds: flies lay eggs
  • *very important in sheep
42
Q

Oestrus ovis: nasal bots of sheep LIFE CYCLE

A
  • FALL: Adult lay larvae (L1) in nose
  • Winter: Larvae migrate into nasal chambers and sinuses
    o Discharge, sneeze and partial blockage If heavily infested
  • SPRING: L3 sneezed out and become pupae
  • SUMER: pupae to adult
43
Q

Keds of Sheep (Diptera: wingless biting fly) Melophagus ovinus: life cycle

A
  • Adults on host: blood feed
  • LARVIPAROUS onto host
    o Larvae on host
  • Pupae on host
  • *4-5 weeks
44
Q

Keds of Sheep (Melophagus ovinus): ID

A
  • Terminal claws
  • Hairy abdomen
  • *wingless
  • 4-6mm
45
Q

Diagnosis of Melophagus ovinus (Sheep Ked)

A
  • Clinical signs: pruritus, bezoars (balls of hair from excessive grooming)
  • Direct inspection of fleece for adults and pupae
46
Q

What is a differential diagnosis of Melophagus ovinus (sheep ked)?

A
  • Psoroptic manage
47
Q

How can you control Melophagus ovinus (sheep ked)?

A
  • Pour on pyrethroids (pupae resistant)
  • Dipping, spraying
  • Shearing
  • NOT zoonotic
  • *treat all in-contact sheep/lamb
48
Q

Melophagus ovinus (ked) when there is a heavy infestation

A
  • Blood loss can cause anemia in young lambs
  • Reduced production in older sheep
  • *reduced capillary flow to skin lowers quality and quantity of wool
  • Feces and pupae give it a dirty appearance
49
Q

Maggots and bots are obligate, meaning that

A
  • Hosts for larval development must be LIVE
50
Q

What does facultative mean?

A
  • Host for larval development can be LIVE or DEAD
  • *larvae can also develop in organic matter
  • *usually metallic?
51
Q

“Fly strike”: Myiasis(ex. blow fly)

A
  • Terrible smell
  • Animal is infested with fly maggots
52
Q

When is the worst season for myiasis (fly strike)?

A
  • SUMMER
53
Q

What problems can myiasis facultative (opportunistic) blow flies cause?

A
  • Opportunistically laying eggs in wounds (often around tailhead) which hatch into MAGGOTS
  • *fly uses open wounds to lay eggs
54
Q

What does ‘myiasis’ mean?

A
  • Larvae of dipterans (flies) invade animal tissues of animals that can be live or dead
55
Q

What does ‘facultative’ mean?

A
  • Host is NOT absolutely mandatory for larval development
    o Larvae can also develop in organic manner
56
Q

What are the predisposing factors for myiasis in sheep?

A
  • Shearing in peak fly season
  • Poor wound management
  • Diarrhea from Parasitic gastroenteritis
57
Q

What is the treatment for myiasis?

A
  • *REMOVE, CLEAN AND ML
  • Wound debridement
  • Manual removal of maggots
  • Systemic macrocyclic lactones
  • *prophylaxy (early in season)
    o Insecticide dips, sprays
    o Shear before fly season

PARASITOLOGY - 2 (13 decks)

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