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GIGU Quiz 2 > 9. Digestion and Absorption in the GI Tract > Flashcards

9. Digestion and Absorption in the GI Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What is lactose intolerance

A
  • Failure to digest dairy carbohydrates

- Brush border LACTASE enzyme activity is deficient or absent

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2
Q

What happens when lactose passes unabsorbed through the small intestine

A
  • Lactose is converted to SCFAs and hydrogen gas
  • Sugar remains in lumen holding H2O resulting in OSMOTIC DIARRHEA
  • Sugar ferments into methane and Hydrogen gas (bloating and gas)
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3
Q

What are the primary sugars in human diet

A

Sucrose
Lactose
Starch

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4
Q

What carbohydrate digestion occurs in the mouth

A

Begin breaking down starch into maltose and glucose by salivary amylase

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5
Q

What carbohydrate digestion occurs in the small intestine

A

Most starch breakdown in maltose and glucose by pancreatic amylase
(many disaccharides reach small intestine in tact)

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6
Q

What transporters are responsible for absorption of Fructose, galactose and glucose

A

Fructose- GLUT5
Galactose/Glucose- uptake via secondary active transport SGLT1
Galactose/Glucose- into blood via GLUT2

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7
Q

What does the D-xylose test check

A

D-xylose is absorbed but not used so if 5g is administered then kidneys should secrete >4g

If there is a problem with sugar absorption then D-xylose will be in feces not urine

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8
Q

What defines protein assimilation disorders

A

Deficiency of pancreatic enzymes or defect in transporters of intestinal epithelial cells

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9
Q

Compare and contrast Chronic Pancreatitis with Congenital Trypsin Absence

A

Chronic Pancreatitis: deficiency of pancreatic enzymes - lack of proteases (trypsinogen)
Congenital Trypsin Absence: absence of trypsin - all pancreatic enzymes are gone

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10
Q

What causes Cystinuria

A

Defect in transport (SLC3A1) or absence of dib-basic AA transporter (SLC7A9)

COLA

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11
Q

What is Hartnup Disease

A
  • Cannot absorb NEUTRAL AA

- Symptoms like pellagra

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12
Q

How does Cystic Fibrosis affect the pancreas

A

Loss of HCO3- secretion is associated with some CFTR mutations

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13
Q

Where are amino acids, di/tri-peptides absorbed

A

Enterocytes

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14
Q

What type of transporters are used by epithelial cells of the small intestine

A

Separate Co-Transporters for each amino acid type to get into the cell
-Neutral/Basic/Acidic/Imino
Separate Facilitated Diffusion mechanisms for each amino acid type to get into lumen
-Neutral/Basic/Acidic/Imino

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15
Q

What establishes the sodium (ion) gradient needed for protein absorption

A

Na+/K+ ATPase

Needed because AA transporters move H+ and Na+ also

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16
Q

What is Celica Sprue

A

Autoimmune disorder causing problems with fat digestion and absorption
Antibodies develop against a gluten component - Gliadin

-Leads to destruction of small intestine villi and hyperplasia of the intestinal crypts

17
Q

What is Tropical Sprue

A

Loss or decreased number of intestinal epithelial cells result in problems with fat digestion and absorption

18
Q

Where is the site of activity of a number of digestive enzymes

A

brush border

19
Q

What is the significance of the structure of intestinal mucosa

A
  • Ideal for absorption of large amounts of nutrients
  • Lumen surface arranged in longitdunial folds (folds of Kerckring)
  • Villi and microvilli increase SA for absorption
20
Q

What is the basic concept behind fat digestion

A

Bile salts and lecithin emulsify fat products into micelles

21
Q

Where is the most digestion of lipids occuring

A

Small intestine via pancreatic enzymes

  • Pancreatic lipase
  • Cholesterol Ester Hydrolase
  • Phospholipase A2
22
Q

What is the overlying theme behind problems with fat digestion and absorption

A

Improper acidity of duodenum contents - lumen must be neutralized by HCO3- containing pancreatic secretions

23
Q

What can cause a deficiency in bile sales and interfere with formation of micelles

A
  • Ileal resection

- Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO)

24
Q

What are fat-soluble vitamisn

A

ADEK

25
Q

What are water-soluble vitamins

A

B vitamins and C

26
Q

What can cause B12 deficiency

A
  • Atrophic gastritis
  • Autoimmune metaplastic atrophic gastritis
  • Gastrectomy
  • Gastric bypass
27
Q

What key concept defines/regulates electrolyte absorption

A

absorbate is always ISOSMOTIC

28
Q

Where are electrolytes absorbed

A

Jejunum- lots of sodium
Ileum- sodium absorbed, HCO3 secreted
Colon- Na absorption and K secretion

GIGU Quiz 2 (16 decks)

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